Highlights & Basics
- Suicide is not inevitable. Most people experiencing suicidal thoughts are ambivalent about dying but may be unable to imagine other potential solutions. With the right support people can find their way through a suicidal crisis and recover.
- Many people have been touched in some way by suicide. It is an emotive subject. Suicide is a significant public health concern. Everyone can potentially help someone with suicidal thoughts. The majority of people who end their lives by suicide almost always have had contact with someone in the health services. Every contact a suicidal individual has represents an opportunity to intervene and prevent them from going on to die by suicide.
- Suicidal thoughts and feelings are far more common than most people realise and are often not related to the presence of a mental illness. Suicide is a behavior and not a diagnosis. Suicide cannot be predicted accurately in any given individual at a single point in time. Suicide usually occurs as a result of a multifactorial process, where vulnerability to suicide may be generated over several weeks, months, or years.
- Self-harm and suicidal thoughts should be taken seriously, and met with empathy, compassion, and understanding given that they are risk factors for suicide, particularly when associated with a history of a mental illness (most commonly major depressive disorder and substance misuse).
- Clinicians, patients, and their caregivers (supporters) are calling for a paradigm shift in suicide risk assessment that moves away from "characterizing, predicting, and managing risk" towards "compassion, safeguarding, and safety planning".
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Citations
Chun TH, Mace SE, Katz ER, et al. Evaluation and management of children and adolescents with acute mental health or behavioral problems. Part I: common clinical challenges of patients with mental health and/or behavioral emergencies. Pediatrics. 2016 Sep;138(3):e20161570.[Abstract][Full Text]
World Health Report. mhGAP Intervention Guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings. Geneva: WHO; 2019.[Full Text]
1. Cole-King A, Green G, Gask L, et al. Suicide mitigation: a compassionate approach to suicide prevention. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2013;19(4):276-83.[Full Text]
2. Cole-King A, Leppina P. Will the new UK government change our approach to risk? BMJ. 2010 Jul 21;341:c3890.[Abstract]
3. Cole-King A, Lepping P. Suicide mitigation: time for a more realistic approach. Br J Gen Pract. 2010 Jan;60(570):e1-3.[Abstract][Full Text]
4. Owens D, Horrocks J, House A. Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2002 Sep;181:193-9.[Abstract]
5. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Self-harm. Apr 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
6. Klonsky ED. The functions of self-injury in young adults who cut themselves: clarifying the evidence for affect-regulation. Psychiatry Res. 2009 Apr 30;166(2-3):260-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
7. Nock MK. Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2009 Apr 1;18(2):78-83.[Abstract][Full Text]
8. Brent D. Nonsuicidal self-injury as a predictor of suicidal behavior in depressed adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 2011 May;168(5):452-4.[Abstract][Full Text]
9. Wilkinson P, Kelvin R, Roberts C, et al. Clinical and psychosocial predictors of suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in the adolescent depression antidepressants and psychotherapy trial (ADAPT). Am J Psychiatry. 2011 May;168(5):495-501.[Abstract][Full Text]
10. Bergen H, Hawton K, Waters K, et al. Premature death after self-harm: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet. 2012 Nov 3;380(9853):1568-74.[Abstract]
11. Owens D, Kelley R, Munyombwe T, et al. Switching methods of self-harm at repeat episodes: findings from a multicentre cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2015 Jul 15;180:44-51.[Abstract][Full Text]
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National center for health statistics: health, United States, 2020 - 2021: annual prespective. Jun 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
13. Ivey-Stephenson AZ, Crosby AE, Hoenig JM, et al. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adults aged ≥18 years - United States, 2015-2019. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2022 Jan 7;71(1):1-19.[Abstract][Full Text]
14. University of Manchester. National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness (NCISH): annual report - England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales. Oct 2018 [internet publication].[Full Text]
15. Tollefsen IM, Hem E, Ekeberg O, et al. The reliability of suicide statistics: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2012 Feb 14;12:9.[Abstract][Full Text]
16. World Health Organization. Global health observatory (GHO) data: mental health statistical reports. 2014 [internet publication].[Full Text]
17. Kutcher SP, Szumilas M. Youth suicide prevention. CMAJ. 2008 Jan 29;178(3):282-5.[Abstract][Full Text]
18. Vijayakumar L. Suicide prevention: the urgent need in developing countries. World Psychiatry. 2004 Oct;3(3):158-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
19. Troya MI, Babatunde O, Polidano K, et al. Self-harm in older adults: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2019 Apr;214(4):186-200.[Abstract]
20. Langlois S, Morrison P. Suicide deaths and suicide attempts. Health Rep. 2002;13(2):9-22.[Abstract]
21. Olfson M, Wall M, Wang S, et al. Suicide after deliberate self-harm in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2018 Apr;141(4):e20173517.[Abstract][Full Text]
22. Centers for Disease Control and Protection. WISQUARS: leading causes of death and visualization tool. [internet publication].[Full Text]
23. Ivey-Stephenson AZ, Demissie Z, Crosby AE, et al. Suicidal ideation and behaviors among high school students - youth risk behavior survey, United States, 2019. MMWR Suppl 2020;69(Suppl-1):47-55.[Abstract][Full Text]
24. Geulayov G, Casey D, McDonald KC, et al. Incidence of suicide, hospital-presenting non-fatal self-harm, and community-occurring non-fatal self-harm in adolescents in England (the iceberg model of self-harm): a retrospective study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Feb;5(2):167-74.[Abstract]
25. McKinnon B, Gariépy G, Sentenac M, et al. Adolescent suicidal behaviours in 32 low- and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2016 May 12;94(5):340-50F.[Abstract][Full Text]
26. Caputi TL, Smith D, Ayers JW. Suicide risk behaviors among sexual minority adolescents in the United States, 2015. JAMA. 2017 Dec 19;318(23):2349-51.[Abstract]
27. Miranda-Mendizábal A, Castellví P, Parés-Badell O, et al. Sexual orientation and suicidal behaviour in adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2017 Aug;211(2):77-87.[Abstract]
28. Connolly MD, Zervos MJ, Barone CJ 2nd, et al. The mental health of transgender youth: advances in understanding. J Adolesc Health. 2016 Nov;59(5):489-95.[Abstract]
29. Fazel S, Cartwright J, Norman-Nott A, et al. Suicide in prisoners: a systematic review of risk factors. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;69(11):1721-31.[Abstract]
30. Cerel J, Brown MM, Maple M, et al. How many people are exposed to suicide? Not six. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2018 Apr;49(2):529-34.[Abstract]
31. Van Orden KA, Witte TK, Cukrowicz KC, et al. The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychol Rev. 2010 Apr;117(2):575-600.[Abstract][Full Text]
32. Klonsky ED, May AM. The three-step theory (3ST): a new theory of suicide rooted in the "ideation-to-action" framework. Int J Cogn Ther. 2015; 8(2):114-29.[Full Text]
33. O'Connor RC, Kirtley OJ. The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2018 Sep 5;373(1754).[Abstract][Full Text]
34. Tidamalm D, Runeson B, Waern M, et al. Familial clustering of suicide risk: a total population study of 11.4 million individuals. Psychol Med. 2011:1-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
35. Mann JJ. Neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003 Oct;4(10):819-28.[Abstract]
36. Currier D, Mann JJ. Stress, genes and the biology of suicidal behavior. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008 Jun;31(2):247-69.[Abstract][Full Text]
37. van Heeringen K, Bijttebier S, Desmyter S, et al. Is there a neuroanatomical basis of the vulnerability to suicidal behavior? A coordinate-based meta-analysis of structural and functional MRI studies. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014 Oct 22;8:824.[Abstract][Full Text]
38. van Heeringen K, Mann JJ. The neurobiology of suicide. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;1(1):63-72.[Abstract]
39. van Heeringen C, Bijttebier S, Godfrin K. Suicidal brains: a review of functional and structural brain studies in association with suicidal behaviour. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Jan;35(3):688-98.[Abstract]
40. Cox Lippard ET, Johnston JA, Blumberg HP. Neurobiological risk factors for suicide: insights from brain imaging. Am J Prev Med. 2014 Sep;47(3 Suppl 2):S152-62.[Abstract][Full Text]
41. Wagner G, Koch K, Schachtzabel C, et al. Enhanced rostral anterior cingulate cortex activation during cognitive control is related to orbitofrontal volume reduction in unipolar depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2008 May;33(3):199-208.[Abstract][Full Text]
42. Nock MK, Millner AJ, Joiner TE, et al. Risk factors for the transition from suicide ideation to suicide attempt: Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). J Abnorm Psychol. 2018 Feb;127(2):139-49.[Abstract][Full Text]
43. Powell J, Geddes J, Hawton K, et al. Suicide in psychiatric hospital in-patients: risk factors and their predictive power. Br J Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;176:266-72.[Abstract]
44. McHugh CM, Corderoy A, Ryan CJ, et al. Association between suicidal ideation and suicide: meta-analyses of odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. BJPsych Open. 2019 Mar;5(2):e1.[Abstract][Full Text]
45. Cooper J, Kapur N, Webb R, et al. Suicide after deliberate self-harm: a 4-year cohort study. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;162(2):297-303.[Abstract][Full Text]
46. Christiansen E, Jensen BF. Risk of repetition of suicide attempt, suicide or all deaths after an episode of attempted suicide: a register-based survival analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;41(3):257-65.[Abstract]
47. Hawton K, Casañas I Comabella C, Haw C, et al. Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2013 May;147(1-3):17-28.[Abstract]
48. Zahl DL, Hawton K. Repetition of deliberate self-harm and subsequent suicide risk: long-term follow-up study of 11,583 patients. Br J Psychiatry. 2004 Jul;185:70-5.[Abstract]
49. Kapur N, Cooper J, King-Hele S, et al. The repetition of suicidal behavior: a multicenter cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;67(10):1599-609.[Abstract]
50. Bergen H, Hawton K, Waters K, et al. How do methods of non-fatal self-harm relate to eventual suicide? J Affect Disord. 2012 Feb;136(3):526-33.[Abstract]
51. Bommersbach TJ, Rosenheck RA, Rhee TG. National trends of mental health care among US adults who attempted suicide in the past 12 months. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022 Mar 1;79(3):219-31.[Abstract][Full Text]
52. Mann JJ, Apter A, Bertolote J, et al. Suicide prevention strategies: a systematic review. JAMA. 2005 Oct 26;294(16):2064-74.[Abstract]
53. McGirr A, Renaud J, Seguin M, et al. Course of major depressive disorder and suicide outcome: a psychological autopsy study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Jun;69(6):966-70.[Abstract]
54. Borges G, Bagge CL, Cherpitel CJ, et al. A meta-analysis of acute use of alcohol and the risk of suicide attempt. Psychol Med. 2017 Apr;47(5):949-57.[Abstract][Full Text]
55. Dahlberg LL, Ikeda RM, Kresnow MJ. Guns in the home and risk of a violent death in the home: findings from a national study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Nov 15;160(10):929-36.[Abstract][Full Text]
56. Elnour AA, Harrison J. Lethality of suicide methods. Inj Prev. 2008 Feb;14(1):39-45.[Abstract]
57. Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, et al. Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. JAMA. 2001 Dec 26;286(24):3089-96.[Abstract][Full Text]
58. Norman RE, Byambaa M, De R, Butchart A, et al. The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(11):e1001349.[Abstract][Full Text]
59. Liu J, Fang Y, Gong J, et al. Associations between suicidal behavior and childhood abuse and neglect: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017 Mar 29;220:147-55.[Abstract]
60. Geulayov G, Gunnell D, Holmen TL, et al. The association of parental fatal and non-fatal suicidal behaviour with offspring suicidal behaviour and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2012 Aug;42(8):1567-80.[Abstract]
61. Qin P, Agerbo E, Mortensen PB. Suicide risk in relation to family history of completed suicide and psychiatric disorders: a nested case-control study based on longitudinal registers. Lancet. 2002 Oct 12;360(9340):1126-30.[Abstract]
62. Ballard ED, Cui L, Vandeleur C, et al. Familial aggregation and coaggregation of suicide attempts and comorbid mental disorders in adults. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Mar 27 [Epub ahead of print].[Abstract]
63. Mérelle S, Foppen E, Gilissen R, et al. Characteristics associated with non-disclosure of suicidal ideation in adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 May 9;15(5):E943.[Abstract][Full Text]
64. Konrad N, Daigle MS, Daniel AE, et al. International Association for Suicide Prevention Task Force on Suicide in Prisons. Preventing suicide in prisons, part I. Recommendations from the International Association for Suicide Prevention Task Force on Suicide in Prisons. Crisis. 2007;28(3):113-21.[Abstract]
65. Bachmann S. Epidemiology of suicide and the psychiatric perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Jul 6;15(7):1425.[Abstract][Full Text]
66. Anguiano L, Mayer DK, Piven ML, et al. A literature review of suicide in cancer patients. Cancer Nurs. 2012 Jul-Aug;35(4):E14-26.[Abstract]
67. Giannini MJ, Bergmark B, Kreshover S, et al. Understanding suicide and disability through three major disabling conditions: intellectual disability, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis. Disabil Health J. 2010 Apr;3(2):74-8.[Abstract]
68. Henson KE, Brock R, Charnock J, et al. Risk of suicide after cancer diagnosis in England. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Nov 21 [Epub ahead of print].[Abstract]
69. Sandhu JK, Wu KK, Bui TL, et al. Association between atopic dermatitis and suicidality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 Dec 12 [Epub ahead of print].[Abstract]
70. Webb RT, Kontopantelis E, Doran T, et al. Suicide risk in primary care patients with major physical diseases: a case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;69(3):256-64.[Abstract]
71. Guo Z, Gan S, Li Y, et al. Incidence and risk factors of suicide after a prostate cancer diagnosis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2018 Nov;21(4):499-508.[Abstract]
72. Pigeon WR, Pinquart M, Conner K. Meta-analysis of sleep disturbance and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Sep;73(9):e1160-7.[Abstract]
73. Kposowa AJ. Marital status and suicide in the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000 Apr;54(4):254-61.[Abstract][Full Text]
74. Masocco M, Pompili M, Vichi M, et al. Suicide and marital status in Italy. Psychiatr Q. 2008 Dec;79(4):275-85.[Abstract]
75. Milner A, Spittal MJ, Pirkis J, et al. Suicide by occupation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;203(6):409-16.[Abstract]
76. Gallagher LM, Kliem C, Beautrais AL, et al. Suicide and occupation in New Zealand, 2001-2005. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2008 Jan-Mar;14(1):45-50.[Abstract]
77. Merriott D. Factors associated with the farmer suicide crisis in India. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2016 Dec;6(4):217-27.[Abstract][Full Text]
78. Agerbo E, Gunnell D, Bonde JP, et al. Suicide and occupation: the impact of socio-economic, demographic and psychiatric differences. Psychol Med. 2007 Aug;37(8):1131-40.[Abstract]
79. Skinner A, Osgood ND, Occhipinti JA, et al. Unemployment and underemployment are causes of suicide. Sci Adv. 2023 Jul 14;9(28):eadg3758.[Abstract][Full Text]
80. Chang Q, Chan CH, Yip PSF. A meta-analytic review on social relationships and suicidal ideation among older adults. Soc Sci Med. 2017 Sep 5;191:65-76.[Abstract]
81. Langille DB, Curtis L, Hughes J, et al. Association of socio-economic factors with health risk behaviours among high school students in rural Nova Scotia. Can J Public Health. 2003 Nov-Dec;94(6):442-7.[Abstract]
82. Gould MS, Greenberg T, Velting DM, et al. Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;42(4):386-405.[Abstract]
83. Zatti C, Rosa V, Barros A, et al. Childhood trauma and suicide attempt: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies from the last decade. Psychiatry Res. 2017 Oct;256:353-8.[Abstract]
84. Iemmi V, Bantjes J, Coast E, et al. Suicide and poverty in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Aug;3(8):774-83.[Abstract]
85. University of Manchester. National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness (NCISH) report: suicide by children and young people. Jul 2017 [internet publication].[Full Text]
86. Pitman AL, Osborn DP, Rantell K, et al. Bereavement by suicide as a risk factor for suicide attempt: a cross-sectional national UK-wide study of 3432 young bereaved adults. BMJ Open. 2016 Jan 26;6(1):e009948.[Abstract][Full Text]
87. Luoma JB, Martin CE, Pearson JL. Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Jun;159(6):909-16.[Abstract][Full Text]
88. Chun TH, Mace SE, Katz ER, et al. Evaluation and management of children and adolescents with acute mental health or behavioral problems. Part I: common clinical challenges of patients with mental health and/or behavioral emergencies. Pediatrics. 2016 Sep;138(3):e20161570.[Abstract][Full Text]
89. Simon GE, Savarino J. Suicide attempts among patients starting depression treatment with medications or psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;164(7):1029-34.[Abstract][Full Text]
90. Olfson M, Shaffer D, Marcus SC, et al. Relationship between antidepressant medication treatment and suicide in adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;60(10):978-82.[Abstract][Full Text]
91. Gibbons RD, Hur K, Bhaumik DK, et al. The relationship between antidepressant medication use and rate of suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;62(2):165-72.[Abstract][Full Text]
92. Henriksson S, Isacsson G. Increased antidepressant use and fewer suicides in Jamtland county, Sweden, after a primary care educational programme on the treatment of depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006 Sep;114(3):159-67.[Abstract]
93. Ritter K, Stompe T, Voracek M, et al. Suicide risk-related knowledge and attitudes of general practitioners. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2002 Aug 30;114(15-16):685-90.[Abstract]
94. Michail M, Tait L, Churchill D. General practitioners' clinical expertise in managing suicidal young people: implications for continued education. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2017 Sep;18(5):419-28.[Abstract]
95. Beautrais A, Fergusson D, Coggan C, et al. Effective strategies for suicide prevention in New Zealand: a review of the evidence. N Z Med J. 2007 Mar 23;120(1251):U2459.[Abstract]
96. Crawford MJ, Thana L, Methuen C, et al. Impact of screening for risk of suicide: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2011 May;198(5):379-84.[Abstract]
97. van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, Sarchiapone M, Postuvan V, et al. Best practice elements of multilevel suicide prevention strategies: a review of systematic reviews. Crisis. 2011;32(6):319-33.[Abstract][Full Text]
98. Szanto K, Kalmar S, Hendin H, et al. A suicide prevention program in a region with a very high suicide rate. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;64(8):914-20.[Abstract][Full Text]
99. Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, et al. Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Jul;3(7):646-59.[Abstract]
100. Milner A, Witt K, Pirkis J, et al. The effectiveness of suicide prevention delivered by GPs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016 Dec 24;210:294-302.[Abstract]
101. Knox KL, Litts DA, Talcott GW, et al. Risk of suicide and related adverse outcomes after exposure to a suicide prevention programme in the US Air Force: cohort study. BMJ. 2003 Dec 13;327(7428):1376.[Abstract][Full Text]
102. Isaac M, Elias B, Katz LY, et al. Swampy Cree Suicide Prevention Team. Gatekeeper training as a preventative intervention for suicide: a systematic review. Can J Psychiatry. 2009 Apr;54(4):260-8.[Abstract]
103. Bagley SC, Munjas B, Shekelle P, et al. A systematic review of suicide prevention programs for military or veterans. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2010 Jun;40(3):257-65.[Abstract]
104. Walrath C, Garraza LG, Reid H, et al. Impact of the Garrett Lee Smith youth suicide prevention program on suicide mortality. Am J Public Health. 2015 May;105(5):986-93.[Abstract][Full Text]
105. Crowley P, Kilroe J, Burke S. Youth suicide prevention: evidence briefing. Dublin, Republic of Ireland: Institute of Public Health in Ireland; 2004.
106. Robinson J, Bailey E, Witt K, et al. What works in youth suicide prevention? A systematic review and meta-analysis. eClin Med. 2018 Oct-Nov;4-5:52-91.[Full Text]
107. Baux-Cazal L, Gokalsing E, Amadeo S, et al. Suicidal behavior prevention for children under age 13: a systematic review [in French]. Encephale. 2017 May;43(3):273-80.[Abstract]
108. Kutcher S, Wei Y, Behzadi P. School- and community-based youth suicide prevention interventions: hot idea, hot air, or sham? Can J Psychiatry. 2017 Jun;62(6):381-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
109. Wei Y, Kutcher S, LeBlanc JC. Hot idea or hot air: a systematic review of evidence for two widely marketed youth suicide prevention programs and recommendations for implementation. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015 Winter;24(1):5-16.[Abstract][Full Text]
110. Cusimano MD, Sameem M, Cusimano MD, et al. The effectiveness of middle and high school-based suicide prevention programmes for adolescents: a systematic review. Inj Prev. 2011 Feb;17(1):43-9.[Abstract]
111. Wasserman D, Hoven CW, Wasserman C, et al. School-based suicide prevention programmes: the SEYLE cluster-randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Apr 18;385(9977):1536-44.[Abstract]
112. Rodgers PL, Sudak HS, Silverman MM, et al. Evidence-based practices project for suicide prevention. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2007 Apr;37(2):154-64.[Abstract]
113. Etzersdorfer E, Sonneck G. Preventing suicide by influencing mass-media reporting: the Viennese experience 1980-1996. Arch Suicide Res. 1998;4:67-74.
114. Sisask M, Varnik A, Sisask M, et al. Media roles in suicide prevention: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012 Jan;9(1):123-38.[Abstract][Full Text]
115. Gould MS, Kalafat J, Harrismunfakh JL, et al. An evaluation of crisis hotline outcomes. Part 2: suicidal callers. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2007 Jun;37(3):338-52.[Abstract]
116. Klimes-Dougan B, Yuan C, Lee S, et al. Suicide prevention with adolescents: considering potential benefits and untoward effects of public service announcements. Crisis. 2009;30(3):128-35.[Abstract]
117. Guo B, Harstall C. Efficacy of suicide prevention programs for children and youth. Health technology assessment HTA26: Series A. Edmonton, Canada: Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research; 2002.[Full Text]
118. Gunnell D, Knipe D, Chang SS, et al. Prevention of suicide with regulations aimed at restricting access to highly hazardous pesticides: a systematic review of the international evidence. Lancet Glob Health. 2017 Oct;5(10):e1026-37.[Abstract][Full Text]
119. Cole-King A, Platt S. Suicide prevention for physicians: identification, intervention and mitigation of risk. Medicine. 2017 Mar;45(3):131-4.
120. Klonsky ED, May AM. Differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators: a critical frontier for suicidology research. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2014 Feb;44(1):1-5.[Abstract]
121. O'Connor RC, Nock MK. The psychology of suicidal behaviour. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;1(1):73-85.[Abstract]
122. Nock MK, Borges G, Bromet EJ, et al. Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts. Br J Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;192(2):98-105.[Abstract][Full Text]
123. Deuter K, Procter N, Evans D. Protective factors for older suicide attempters: finding reasons and experiences to live. Death Stud. 2019 Mar 8:1-10.[Abstract]
124. Marchant A, Hawton K, Stewart A, et al. A systematic review of the relationship between internet use, self-harm and suicidal behaviour in young people: the good, the bad and the unknown. PLoS One. 2017 Aug 16;12(8):e0181722.[Abstract][Full Text]
125. Jones JD, Boyd RC, Calkins ME, et al. Parent-adolescent agreement about adolescents' suicidal thoughts. Pediatrics. 2019 Feb;143(2):e20181771.[Abstract]
126. Hua LL, Lee J, Rahmandar MH, et al. Suicide and suicide risk in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2024 Jan 1;153(1):e2023064800.[Abstract][Full Text]
127. Novick DM, Swartz HA, Frank E. Suicide attempts in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Bipolar Disord. 2010 Feb;12(1):1-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
128. Rogers ML, Ringer FB, Joiner TE. A meta-analytic review of the association between agitation and suicide attempts. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Aug;48:1-6.[Abstract]
129. Bolton JM, Gunnell D, Turecki G. Suicide risk assessment and intervention in people with mental illness. BMJ. 2015 Nov 9;351:h4978.[Abstract]
130. Bhatt M, Perera S, Zielinski L, et al. Profile of suicide attempts and risk factors among psychiatric patients: a case-control study. PLoS One. 2018 Feb 22;13(2):e0192998.[Abstract][Full Text]
131. Chan MK, Bhatti H, Meader N, et al. Predicting suicide following self-harm: systematic review of risk factors and risk scales. Br J Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;209(4):277-83.[Abstract]
132. Quinlivan L, Cooper J, Meehan D, et al. Predictive accuracy of risk scales following self-harm: multicentre, prospective cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 2017 Jun;210(6):429-36.[Abstract][Full Text]
133. Steeg S, Quinlivan L, Nowland R, et al. Accuracy of risk scales for predicting repeat self-harm and suicide: a multicentre, population-level cohort study using routine clinical data. BMC Psychiatry. 2018 Apr 25;18(1):113.[Abstract][Full Text]
134. University of Manchester. National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness (NCISH): annual report 2023: UK patient and general population data 2010-2020. Mar 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
135. US Preventive Services Task Force, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Screening for depression and suicide risk in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2023 Jun 20;329(23):2057-67.[Abstract][Full Text]
136. 2022 recommendations for preventive pediatric health care. Pediatrics. 2022 Jul 1;150(1):e2022058044.[Abstract][Full Text]
137. Harriss L, Hawton K. Suicidal intent in deliberate self-harm and the risk of suicide: the predictive power of the Suicide Intent Scale. J Affect Disord. 2005 Jun;86(2-3):225-33.[Abstract]
138. Pena JB, Caine ED. Screening as an approach for adolescent suicide prevention. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2006 Dec;36(6):614-37.[Abstract]
139. Fujisawa D, Tanaka E, Sakamoto S, et al. The development of a brief screening instrument for depression and suicidal ideation for elderly: the Depression and Suicide Screen. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005 Dec;59(6):634-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
140. Shaffer D, Scott M, Wilcox H, et al. The Columbia Suicide Screen: validity and reliability of a screen for youth suicide and depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;43(1):71-9.[Abstract]
141. US Preventive Services Task Force, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, et al. Screening for depression and suicide risk in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022 Oct 18;328(15):1534-42.[Abstract][Full Text]
142. American Academy of Pediatrics. Patient's care: suicide: blueprint for youth suicide prevention. 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
143. 2017 ENA Clinical Practice Guideline Committee; Zaleski ME, Johnson ML, Valdez AM, et al. Clinical practice guideline: suicide risk assessment. J Emerg Nurs. 2018 Sep;44(5):505.[Abstract][Full Text]
144. US Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for assessment and management of patients at risk for suicide. 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]
145. Risk Management Foundation, Harvard Medical Institutions. Guidelines for identification, assessment and treatment planning for suicidality. Cambridge, MA: The Foundation; 2014.[Full Text]
146. Bowers L, Banda T, Nijman H. Suicide inside: a systematic review of inpatient suicides. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010 May;198(5):315-28.[Abstract]
147. Large M, Smith G, Sharma S, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical factors associated with the suicide of psychiatric in-patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011 Jul;124(1):18-29.[Abstract]
148. Manna M. Effectiveness of formal observation in inpatient psychiatry in preventing adverse outcomes: the state of the science. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2010 Apr;17(3):268-73.[Abstract]
149. Berg SH, Rørtveit K, Aase K. Suicidal patients' experiences regarding their safety during psychiatric in-patient care: a systematic review of qualitative studies. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017 Jan 23;17(1):73.[Abstract][Full Text]
150. Hepp U, Wittmann L, Schnyder U, et al. Psychological and psychosocial interventions after attempted suicide: an overview of treatment studies. Crisis. 2004;25(3):108-17.[Abstract]
151. Meerwijk EL, Parekh A, Oquendo MA, et al. Direct versus indirect psychosocial and behavioural interventions to prevent suicide and suicide attempts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;3(6):544-54.[Abstract]
152. Gøtzsche PC, Gøtzsche PK. Cognitive behavioural therapy halves the risk of repeated suicide attempts: systematic review. J R Soc Med. 2017 Oct;110(10):404-10.[Abstract][Full Text]
153. Witt KG, Hetrick SE, Rajaram G, et al. Psychosocial interventions for self-harm in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 22;(4):CD013668.[Abstract][Full Text]
154. O'Connor E, Gaynes BN, Burda BU, et al. Screening for and treatment of suicide risk relevant to primary care: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2013 May 21;158(10):741-54.[Abstract][Full Text]
155. Linehan MM, Comtois KA, Murray AM, et al. Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;63(7):757-66.[Abstract][Full Text]
156. Rathus JH, Miller AL. Dialectical behavior therapy adapted for suicidal adolescents. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2002 Summer;32(2):146-57.[Abstract]
157. King CA, Arango A, Kramer A, et al. Association of the youth-nominated support team intervention for suicidal adolescents with 11- to 14-year mortality outcomes: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Feb 6 [Epub ahead of print].[Abstract]
158. Gysin-Maillart A, Schwab S, Soravia L, et al. A novel brief therapy for patients who attempt suicide: a 24-months follow-up randomized controlled study of the attempted suicide short intervention program (ASSIP). PLoS Med. 2016 Mar 1;13(3):e1001968.[Abstract][Full Text]
159. Motto JA, Bostrom AG. A randomized controlled trial of postcrisis suicide prevention. Psychiatr Serv. 2001 Jun;52(6):828-33.[Abstract][Full Text]
160. Weinberg I, Ronningstam E, Goldblatt MJ, et al. Strategies in treatment of suicidality: identification of common and treatment-specific interventions in empirically supported treatment manuals. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Jun;71(6):699-706.[Abstract]
161. Lewis LM. No-harm contracts: a review of what we know. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2007 Feb;37(1):50-7.[Abstract]
162. Robinson JY, Jorm AM. Can receipt of a regular postcard reduce suicide-related behaviour in young help seekers? A randomized controlled trial. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2012 May;6(2):145-52.[Abstract]
163. Morthorst B, Krogh J, Erlangsen A, et al. Effect of assertive outreach after suicide attempt in the AID (assertive intervention for deliberate self harm) trial: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012 Aug 22;345:e4972.[Abstract][Full Text]
164. Kapur N, Gunnell D, Hawton K, et al. Messages from Manchester: pilot randomised controlled trial following self-harm. Br J Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;203(1):73-4.[Abstract]
165. Carter GL, Clover K, Whyte IM, et al. Postcards from the EDge: 5-year outcomes of a randomised controlled trial for hospital-treated self-poisoning. Br J Psychiatry. 2013 May;202(5):372-80.[Abstract]
166. Milner AJ, Carter G, Pirkis J, et al. Letters, green cards, telephone calls and postcards: systematic and meta-analytic review of brief contact interventions for reducing self-harm, suicide attempts and suicide. Br J Psychiatry. 2015 Mar;206(3):184-90.[Abstract]
167. Krysinska K, Batterham PJ, Christensen H. Differences in the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for suicidal ideation and behaviour in women and men: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Arch Suicide Res. 2017 Jan 2;21(1):12-32.[Abstract]
168. Hor K, Taylor M, Hor K, et al. Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Nov;24(4 suppl):81-90.[Abstract][Full Text]
169. Large M, Sharma S, Cannon E, et al. Risk factors for suicide within a year of discharge from psychiatric hospital: a systematic meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;45(8):619-28.[Abstract]
170. Cipriani A, Hawton K, Stockton S, et al. Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013 Jun 27;346:f3646.[Abstract][Full Text]
171. Smith KA, Cipriani A. Lithium and suicide in mood disorders: updated meta-review of the scientific literature. Bipolar Disord. 2017 Nov;19(7):575-86.[Abstract]
172. Yerevanian BI, Koek RJ, Mintz J. Bipolar pharmacotherapy and suicidal behavior. Part I: Lithium, divalproex and carbamazepine. J Affect Disord. 2007 Nov;103(1-3):5-11.[Abstract]
173. Collins JC, McFarland BH. Divalproex, lithium and suicide among Medicaid patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008 Apr;107(1-3):23-8.[Abstract]
174. Redden LP, Saltarelli M. Suicidality and divalproex sodium: analysis of controlled studies in multiple indications. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Jan 18;10(1):1.[Abstract][Full Text]
175. Meltzer HY, Alphs L, Green AI, et al. Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Jan;60(1):82-91.[Abstract][Full Text]
176. Aguilar EJ, Siris SG, Aguilar EJ, et al. Do antipsychotic drugs influence suicidal behavior in schizophrenia? Psychopharmacol Bull. 2007;40(3):128-42.[Abstract]
177. Perroud N, Uher R, Marusic A, et al. Suicidal ideation during treatment of depression with escitalopram and nortriptyline in genome-based therapeutic drugs for depression (GENDEP): a clinical trial. BMC Med. 2009 Oct 15;7:60.[Abstract][Full Text]
178. Ernst CL, Goldberg JF. Antisuicide properties of psychotropic drugs: a critical review. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2004 Jan-Feb;12(1):14-41.[Abstract]
179. Rihmer Z, Barsi J, Veg K, et al. Suicide rates in Hungary correlate negatively with reported rates of depression. J Affect Disord. 1990 Oct;20(2):87-91.[Abstract]
180. Rutz W, von Knorring L, Walinder J. Long-term effects of an educational program for general practitioners given by the Swedish Committee for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1992 Jan;85(1):83-8.[Abstract]
181. Isacsson G, Rich CL. Antidepressant drug use and suicide prevention. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;17(3):153-62.[Abstract]
182. Gibbons RD, Hur K, Bhaumik DK, et al. The relationship between antidepressant prescription rates and rate of early adolescent suicide. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Nov;163(11):1898-904.[Abstract][Full Text]
183. Katz LY, Kozyrskyj AL, Prior HJ, et al. Effect of regulatory warnings on antidepressant prescription rates, use of health services and outcomes among children, adolescents and young adults. CMAJ. 2008 Apr 8;178(8):1005-11.[Abstract][Full Text]
184. Hawton K, Bergen H, Simkin S, et al. Toxicity of antidepressants: rates of suicide relative to prescribing and non-fatal overdose. Br J Psychiatry. 2010 May;196(5):354-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
185. Kraus JE, Horrigan JP, Carpenter DJ, et al. Clinical features of patients with treatment-emergent suicidal behavior following initiation of paroxetine therapy. J Affect Disord. 2010 Jan;120(1-3):40-7.[Abstract]
186. Tourian KA, Padmanabhan K, Groark J, et al. Retrospective analysis of suicidality in patients treated with the antidepressant desvenlafaxine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 Aug;30(4):411-6.[Abstract]
187. Kutcher S, Gardner DM. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and youth suicide: making sense from a confusing story. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008 Jan;21(1):65-9.[Abstract]
188. Brent DA. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and suicidality: a guide for the perplexed. Can J Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;54(2):72-4.[Abstract]
189. Gibbons RD, Brown CH, Hur K, et al. Suicidal thoughts and behavior with antidepressant treatment: reanalysis of the randomized placebo-controlled studies of fluoxetine and venlafaxine. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;69(6):580-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
190. Moller HJ, Baldwin DS, Goodwin G, et al. Do SSRIs or antidepressants in general increase suicidality? WPA Section on Pharmacopsychiatry: consensus statement. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008 Aug;258(suppl 3):3-23.[Abstract]
191. Rucci P, Frank E, Scocco P, et al. Treatment-emergent suicidal ideation during 4 months of acute management of unipolar major depression with SSRI pharmacotherapy or interpersonal psychotherapy in a randomized clinical trial. Depress Anxiety. 2011 Apr;28(4):303-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
192. Carpenter DJ, Fong R, Kraus JE, et al. Meta-analysis of efficacy and treatment-emergent suicidality in adults by psychiatric indication and age subgroup following initiation of paroxetine therapy: a complete set of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Nov;72(11):1503-14.[Abstract]
193. Gibbons RD, Mann JJ, Gibbons RD, et al. Strategies for quantifying the relationship between medications and suicidal behaviour: what has been learned? Drug Saf. 2011 May 1;34(5):375-95.[Abstract]
194. Wightman DSF. Meta-analysis of suicidality in placebo-controlled clinical trials of adults taking bupropion. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;12(5).[Abstract][Full Text]
195. Miller M, Swanson SA, Azrael D, et al. Antidepressant dose, age, and the risk of deliberate self-harm. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Jun;174(6):899-909.[Abstract]
196. Gunnell D, Saperia J, Ashby D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and suicide in adults: meta-analysis of drug company data from placebo controlled, randomised controlled trials submitted to the MHRA's safety review. BMJ. 2005 Feb 19;330(7488):385.[Abstract][Full Text]
197. Saperia J, Ashby D, Gunnell D. Suicidal behaviour and SSRIs: updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2006 Jun 17;332(7555):1453.[Abstract][Full Text]
198. Näslund J, Hieronymus F, Lisinski A, et al. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on rating-scale-assessed suicidality in adults with depression. Br J Psychiatry. 2018 Mar;212(3):148-54.[Abstract]
199. Youssef NA, Rich CL. Does acute treatment with sedatives/hypnotics for anxiety in depressed patients affect suicide risk? A literature review. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Jul-Sep;20(3):157-69.[Abstract]
200. Parker JD, Naeem A. Pharmacologic treatment of borderline personality disorder. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Mar 1;99(5):Online.[Abstract]
201. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Borderline personality disorder: recognition and management. Jan 2009 [internet publication].[Full Text]
202. Modesto-Lowe V, Brooks D, Ghani M. Alcohol dependence and suicidal behavior: from research to clinical challenges. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2006 Sep-Oct;14(5):241-8.[Abstract]
203. Cornelius JR, Clark DB, Salloum IM, et al. Interventions in suicidal alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004 May;28(suppl 5):S89-96.[Abstract]
204. Chen Q, Sjolander A, Runeson B, et al. Drug treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and suicidal behaviour: register based study. BMJ. 2014 Jun 18;348:g3769.[Abstract][Full Text]
205. Crunelle CL, van den Brink W, Moggi F, et al. International consensus statement on screening, diagnosis and treatment of substance use disorder patients with comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Addict Res. 2018;24(1):43-51.[Abstract][Full Text]
206. Maple M, Cerel J, Sanford R, et al. Is exposure to suicide beyond kin associated with risk for suicidal behavior? A systematic review of the evidence. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2017 Aug;47(4):461-74.[Abstract]
207. Szumilas M, Kutcher S. Post-suicide intervention programs: a systematic review. Can J Public Health. 2011 Jan-Feb;102(1):18-29.[Abstract]
208. Cerel J, Campbell FR. Suicide survivors seeking mental health services: a preliminary examination of the role of an active postvention model. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2008 Feb;38(1):30-4.[Abstract]
209. Linde K, Treml J, Steinig J, et al. Grief interventions for people bereaved by suicide: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2017 Jun 23;12(6):e0179496.[Abstract][Full Text]
210. Pitman AL, Rantell K, Moran P, et al. Support received after bereavement by suicide and other sudden deaths: a cross-sectional UK study of 3432 young bereaved adults. BMJ Open. 2017 May 29;7(5):e014487.[Abstract][Full Text]
211. Journot-Reverbel K, Raynaud JP, Bui E, et al. Support groups for children and adolescents bereaved by suicide: Lots of interventions, little evidence. Psychiatry Res. 2017 Apr;250:253-55.[Abstract]
212. McAuliffe C, McLeavey BC, Fitzgerald T, et al. Group problem-solving skills training for self-harm: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204:383-90.[Abstract]
213. European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. Mar 2018 [internet publication].[Full Text]
214. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of fixed doses of intranasal esketamine plus an oral antidepressant in adult participants with treatment-resistant depression (TRANSFORM-1). Apr 2019 [internet publication].[Full Text]
215. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of flexible doses of intranasal esketamine plus an oral antidepressant in adult participants with treatment-resistant depression (TRANSFORM-2). Apr 2019 [internet publication].[Full Text]
216. van de Loo AJAE, Bervoets AC, Mooren L, et al. The effects of intranasal esketamine (84 mg) and oral mirtazapine (30 mg) on on-road driving performance: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Nov;234(21):3175-83.[Abstract][Full Text]
217. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of intranasal esketamine plus an oral antidepressant for relapse prevention in adult participants with treatment-resistant depression (SUSTAIN-1). Feb 2019 [internet publication].[Full Text]
218. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study to evaluate the effects of a single-dose and repeat-administration of intranasal esketamine on on-road driving in participants with major depressive disorder (DriveSaFe2). Apr 2018 [internet publication].[Full Text]
219. Fabiano N, Gupta A, Fiedorowicz JG, et al. The effect of exercise on suicidal ideation and behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord. 2023 Jun 1;330:355-66.[Abstract]
220. Witt K, Spittal MJ, Carter G, et al. Effectiveness of online and mobile telephone applications ('apps') for the self-management of suicidal ideation and self-harm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2017 Aug 15;17(1):297.[Abstract][Full Text]
221. Vancampfort D, Hallgren M, Firth J, et al. Physical activity and suicidal ideation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018 Jan 1;225:438-48.[Abstract]
222. World Health Report. mhGAP Intervention Guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings. Geneva: WHO; 2019.[Full Text]
223. Reid WH. Prognosis after suicide attempt: standard of care and the consequences of not meeting it. J Psychiatr Pract. 2009 Mar;15(2):141-4.[Abstract]
224. Muehlenkamp JJ, Gutierrez PM. Risk for suicide attempts among adolescents who engage in non-suicidal self-injury. Arch Suicide Res. 2007;11(1):69-82.[Abstract]
225. Alexopoulos GS, Reynolds CF 3rd, Bruce ML, et al; PROSPECT Group. Reducing suicidal ideation and depression in older primary care patients: 24-month outcomes of the PROSPECT study. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;166(8):882-90.[Abstract][Full Text]
226. Almeida OP, Pirkis J, Kerse N, et al. A randomized trial to reduce the prevalence of depression and self-harm behavior in older primary care patients. Ann Fam Med. 2012 Jul-Aug;10(4):347-56.[Abstract][Full Text]
227. Miller IW, Camargo CA Jr, Arias SA, et al; ED-SAFE Investigators. Suicide prevention in an emergency department population: the ED-SAFE study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jun 1;74(6):563-70.[Abstract][Full Text]
