Zika virus infection - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Zika virus is not currently reported to be causing major outbreaks of disease anywhere worldwide; however, local transmission still occurs in some countries, with small outbreaks occurring in others.
Majority of patients are asymptomatic; however, about 20% of infections result in a mild, self-limited illness with fever, rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis.
Infection may be more serious in pregnant women. There is strong scientific consensus that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities. The range of abnormalities seen and the likely causal link to the virus suggest a new congenital syndrome.
Guillain-Barre syndrome and other neurologic disorders are strongly associated with, and suspected to be caused by, Zika virus, but the link is unproven and studies are ongoing, including to elucidate a possible mechanism.
Treatment of symptomatic infection is supportive and there are no specific antiviral therapies at this time. Prevention of mosquito bites through individual and public health measures is important to prevent infections.

Characteristic maculopapular rash in a pregnant woman with Zika virus infection

From the personal collection of Dr Geraldo Furtado, MD, MSc (used with permission)

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
- Other Factors
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Diagnostics Tests
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Treatment Options
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Characteristic maculopapular rash in a pregnant woman with Zika virus infection
Interpretation of results of laboratory testing for evidence of congenital Zika virus infection
Recommended Zika virus testing and evaluation of infants born to mothers with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection during pregnancy
CT scan of the head of an infant with Zika virus infection showing a clear distribution of periventricular calcifications

Citations

Key Articles

Adebanjo T, Godfred-Cato S, Viens L, et al. Update: interim guidance for the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of infants with possible congenital Zika virus infection - United States, October 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Oct 20;66(41):1089-99.[Abstract][Full Text]
Pan American Health Organization; World Health Organization. Provisional remarks on Zika virus infection in pregnant women: document for health care professionals. Jan 2016 [internet publication].[Full Text]
World Health Organization. Zika virus fact sheet. Dec 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika and dengue testing guidance (updated November 2019). Sep 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]

Other Online Resources

CDC: about Zika
WHO: Zika virus disease
PAHO: Zika virus infection
CDC: Yellow Book
CDC: Zika travel information
CDC: mosquito bite prevention factsheet
WHO: Zika virus disease - interim case definition
CDC: Zika virus disease and Zika virus infection 2016 case definition
PAHO: case definitions
WHO: laboratory testing for Zika virus and dengue virus infections: interim guidance
PAHO: Zika virus surveillance in the Americas - recommendations for laboratory detection and diagnosis
WHO: screening, assessment and management of neonates and infants with complications associated with Zika virus exposure in utero
CDC: measuring infant head circumference: an instructional video for healthcare providers
CDC: interim guidance for the diagnosis, evaluation and management of infants with possible congenital Zika virus infection
WHO: progress toward discovery of Zika virus vaccines and therapeutics
CDC: Zika in babies in US territories - monitoring early health and development
WHO: Zika virus fact sheet
EPA: find the insect repellent that is right for you
CDC: Zika virus - pregnancy
WHO: information for travellers visiting countries with Zika virus transmission
CDC: US Zika pregnancy and infant registry
CDC: Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System (ZAPSS)

Referenced Articles

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114. Bayer A, Lennemann NJ, Ouyang Y, et al. Type III interferons produced by human placental trophoblasts confer protection against Zika virus infection. Cell Host Microbe. 2016 May 11;19(5):705-12.[Abstract][Full Text]
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117. Robbiani DF, Olsen PC, Costa F, et al. Risk of Zika microcephaly correlates with features of maternal antibodies. J Exp Med. 2019 Oct 7;216(10):2302-15.[Abstract][Full Text]
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123. Pedroso C, Fischer C, Feldmann M, et al. Cross-protection of dengue virus infection against congenital Zika syndrome, Northeastern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019 Aug;25(8):1485-93.[Abstract][Full Text]
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125. World Health Organization. Maintaining a safe and adequate blood supply during Zika virus outbreaks. Feb 2016 [internet publication].[Full Text]
126. Cordeiro CN, Bano R, Washington Cross CI, et al. Zika virus and assisted reproduction. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jun;29(3):175-9.[Abstract]
127. World Health Organization. Zika virus fact sheet. Dec 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
128. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevent mosquito bites. Nov 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
129. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika virus. Plan for travel. May 2019 [internet publication].[Full Text]
130. Yakob L, Walker T. Zika virus outbreak in the Americas: the need for novel mosquito control methods. Lancet Glob Health. 2016 Mar;4(3):e148-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
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