Pulmonary tuberculosis - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Key risk factors include exposure to infection, birth in an endemic country, and HIV infection.
Symptoms may include cough, fever, and weight loss.
If pulmonary TB is suspected, the patient should be isolated, a chest x-ray obtained, and three sputum samples collected for acid-fast bacilli smear and culture; nucleic acid amplification test should be performed on at least one respiratory specimen.
Directly observed therapy is highly recommended and is particularly indicated in groups where adherence cannot be assumed.

Pulmonary TB with cavitation

From the personal collection of David Horne and Masahiro Narita; used with permission

Quick Reference

History & Exam
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Diagnostics Tests
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Treatment Options
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Pulmonary TB with cavitation
Opacities in right lower lobe in a patient with pulmonary TB and diabetes
Right hilar adenopathy in a child
Right-sided pleural effusion

Citations

Key Articles

Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Oct;63(7):e147-95.[Abstract][Full Text]
Lewinsohn DM, Leonard MK, LoBue PA, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 15;64(2):e1-33.[Abstract][Full Text]
World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Mar 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Nahid P, Mase SR, Migliori GB, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. An official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Nov 15;200(10):e93-142.[Abstract][Full Text]
World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: drug-susceptible tuberculosis treatment. May 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Uthman OA, Okwundu C, Gbenga K, et al. Optimal timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation for HIV-infected adults with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Jul 7;163(1):32-9.[Abstract]
World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update. Dec 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Tuberculosis Trials Consortium. Rifapentine and isoniazid once a week versus rifampicin and isoniazid twice a week for treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-negative patients: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2002 Aug 17;360(9332):528-34.[Abstract]
American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Controlling tuberculosis in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Nov 1;172(9):1169-227.[Abstract][Full Text]

Other Online Resources

CDC: tuberculosis

Referenced Articles

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