Cardiac arrest - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Cardiac arrest is a sudden state of circulatory failure due to a loss of cardiac systolic function.
The most common shockable rhythms associated with cardiac arrest are pulseless ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.
The most common underlying causes are ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. In some settings, cardiac arrest is the result of respiratory arrest triggered by opioid toxicity.
Presentation is usually sudden and manifests as loss of consciousness but can be preceded by chest pain or dyspnea.
Treatment is through implementing the algorithms for basic and advanced cardiac life support, depending on the provider's level of training.

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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Citations

Key Articles

Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, et al. Part 3: adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2020 Oct 20;142(16_suppl_2):S366-468.[Abstract][Full Text]
Martin SS, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. 2024 heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024 Feb 20;149(8):e347-913.[Abstract][Full Text]
Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 21;43(40):3997-4126.[Abstract][Full Text]
Wyckoff MH, Greif R, Morley PT, et al. 2022 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations: summary from the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid task forces. Circulation. 3 Nov 2022 [Epub ahead of print].[Abstract]
Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 2018 Sep 25;138(13):e272-391.[Abstract][Full Text]
Nolan JP, Sandroni C, Böttiger BW, et al. European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine guidelines 2021: post-resuscitation care. Intensive Care Med. 2021 Apr;47(4):369-421.[Abstract][Full Text]

Other Online Resources

CredibleMeds: drugs that prolong the QT interval
Advanced life support algorithm
MoCA Cognition: montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) tool

Referenced Articles

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