Highlights & Basics
- Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies of the lymphoid system.
- Clinical history and presenting signs/symptoms depend on the type and location of lymphoma, and stage at presentation.
- Diagnosis is confirmed by histopathology (e.g., biopsy of lymph node or extranodal sites) and immunophenotyping.
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common type of NHL.
- Treatment is based on the histologic subtype and stage; symptom severity informs decisions about when to start therapy.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Citations
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: B-cell lymphomas [internet publication].[Full Text]
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: T-cell lymphomas [internet publication].[Full Text]
Tilly H, Gomes da Silva M, Vitolo U, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015 Sep;26(suppl 5):v116-25.[Abstract][Full Text]
Vitolo U, Seymour JF, Martelli M, et al. Extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2016 Sep;27(suppl 5):v91-102.[Abstract][Full Text]
1. Armitage JO. Treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1993 Apr 8;328(14):1023-30.[Abstract]
2. Alaggio R, Amador C, Anagnostopoulos I, et al. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: lymphoid neoplasms. Leukemia. 2022 Jul;36(7):1720-48.[Abstract][Full Text]
3. Campo E, Jaffe ES, Cook JR, et al. The International Consensus Classification of mature lymphoid neoplasms: a report from the Clinical Advisory Committee. Blood. 2022 Sep 15;140(11):1229-53.[Abstract][Full Text]
4. National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer stat facts: non-Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].[Full Text]
5. Cancer Research UK. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence statistics. Oct 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]
6. Cerhan JR, Slager SL. Familial predisposition and genetic risk factors for lymphoma. Blood. 2015 Nov 12;126(20):2265-73.[Abstract][Full Text]
7. Vose J, Armitage J, Weisenburger D, et al. International peripheral T-cell and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma study: pathology findings and clinical outcomes. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Sep 1;26(25):4124-30.[Abstract][Full Text]
8. Thandra KC, Barsouk A, Saginala K, et al. Epidemiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Med Sci (Basel). 2021 Jan 30;9(1):5.[Abstract][Full Text]
9. Teras LR, DeSantis CE, Cerhan JR, et al. 2016 US lymphoid malignancy statistics by World Health Organization subtypes. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016 Nov 12;66(6):443-59.[Abstract][Full Text]
10. Leberfinger AN, Behar BJ, Williams NC, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a systematic review. JAMA Surg. 2017 Dec 1;152(12):1161-8.[Abstract]
11. US Food and Drug Administration. Medical device reports of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Dec 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
12. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. BIA-ALCL physician resources. Nov 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
13. Cordeiro PG, Ghione P, Ni A, et al. Risk of breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) in a cohort of 3546 women prospectively followed long term after reconstruction with textured breast implants. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2020 May;73(5):841-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
14. MacMahon EM, Glass JD, Hayward SD, et al. Epstein-Barr virus in AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. Lancet. 1991 Oct 19;338(8773):969-73.[Abstract]
15. Cabrera ME, Eizuru Y, Itoh T, et al. Nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma and its association with type i/XhoI loss strain Epstein-Barr virus in Chile. J Clin Pathol. 2007 Jun;60(6):656-60.[Abstract][Full Text]
16. Hermine O, Lefrere F, Bronowicki JP, et al. Regression of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes after treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 11;347(2):89-94.[Abstract][Full Text]
17. Nieters A, Kallinowski B, Brennan P, et al. Hepatitis C and risk of lymphoma: results of the European multicenter case-control study EPILYMPH. Gastroenterology. 2006 Dec;131(6):1879-86.[Abstract]
18. Garbe C, Stein H, Gollnick H, et al. Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma in chronic Borrelia burgdorferi infection: report of 2 cases and a review of the literature [in German]. Hautarzt. 1988 Nov;39(11):717-26.[Abstract]
19. Melenotte C, Million M, Audoly G, et al. B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma linked to Coxiella burnetii. Blood. 2016 Jan 7;127(1):113-21.[Abstract]
20. Ferreri AJ, Dolcetti R, Du MQ, et al. Ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma: an intriguing model for antigen-driven lymphomagenesis and microbial-targeted therapy. Ann Oncol. 2008 May;19(5):835-46.[Abstract][Full Text]
21. Nakamura S, Yao T, Aoyagi K, et al. Helicobacter pylori and primary gastric lymphoma: a histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 237 patients. Cancer. 1997 Jan 1;79(1):3-11.[Abstract]
22. Mehta-Shah N, Ratner L, Horwitz SM. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. J Oncol Pract. 2017 Aug;13(8):487-92.[Abstract][Full Text]
23. Lecuit M, Abachin E, Martin A, et al. Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease associated with Campylobacter jejuni. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan 15;350(3):239-48.[Abstract][Full Text]
24. Sugai S. Sjogren's syndrome, glomerulonephritis and malignant lymphoma. Intern Med. 2007;46(4):155-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
25. Starkebaum G. Rheumatoid arthritis and lymphoma: risky business for B cells. J Rheumatol. 2007 Feb;34(2):243-6.[Abstract]
26. Löfström B, Backlin C, Sundström C, et al. A closer look at non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases in a national Swedish systemic lupus erythematosus cohort: a nested case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Dec;66(12):1627-32.[Abstract][Full Text]
27. Harris OD, Cooke WT, Thompson H, et al. Malignancy in adult celiac disease and idiopathic steatorrhea. Am J Med. 1967 Jun;42(6):899-912.[Abstract]
28. Zintzaras E, Voulgarelis M, Moutsopoulos HM. The risk of lymphoma development in autoimmune diseases: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Nov 14;165(20):2337-44.[Abstract][Full Text]
29. Zhong H, Liu S, Wang Y, et al. Primary Sjögren's syndrome is associated with increased risk of malignancies besides lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2022 May;21(5):103084.[Abstract]
30. Katz BZ, Pahl E, Crawford SE, et al. Case-control study of risk factors for the development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in a pediatric heart transplant cohort. Pediatr Transplant. 2007 Feb;11(1):58-65.[Abstract]
31. Desar IM, Keuter M, Raemaekers JM, et al. Extranodal marginal zone (MALT) lymphoma in common variable immunodeficiency. Neth J Med. 2006 May;64(5):136-40.[Abstract]
32. Sullivan KE, Mullen CA, Blaese RM, et al. A multiinstitutional survey of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. J Pediatr. 1994 Dec;125(6 Pt 1):876-85.[Abstract]
33. Salinas F, Ortega G, Molina M, et al. Ataxia-telangiectasia with immunodeficiency and malignant lymphoma: report of two cases [in Spanish]. Med Clin (Barc). 1981 Feb 10;76(3):109-12.[Abstract]
34. Yamak B, Hicsonmez G, Ozsoylu S, et al. An infant with Chediak-Higashi syndrome and lymphoma. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1972 May;11(5):277-80.[Abstract]
35. Becher R. Klinefelter's syndrome and malignant lymphoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1986 Apr 1;21(3):271-3.[Abstract]
36. Hardell L, Eriksson M. A case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and exposure to pesticides. Cancer. 1999 Mar 15;85(6):1353-60.[Abstract]
37. Woods JS, Polissar L, Severson RK, et al. Soft tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in relation to phenoxyherbicide and chlorinated phenol exposure in western Washington. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987 May;78(5):899-910.[Abstract]
38. Kachuri L, Beane Freeman LE, Spinelli JJ, et al. Insecticide use and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: a subset meta-analysis of the North American Pooled Project. Int J Cancer. 2020 Dec 15;147(12):3370-83.[Abstract][Full Text]
39. Mariette X, Tubach F, Bagheri H, et al. Lymphoma in patients treated with anti-TNF: results of the 3-year prospective French RATIO registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Feb;69(2):400-8.[Abstract]
40. Loch-Wilkinson A, Beath KJ, Knight RJW, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma in Australia and New Zealand: high-surface-area textured implants are associated with increased risk. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 Oct;140(4):645-54.[Abstract]
41. Doren EL, Miranda RN, Selber JC, et al. US epidemiology of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 May;139(5):1042-50.[Abstract]
42. de Boer M, van Leeuwen FE, Hauptmann M, et al. Breast implants and the risk of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in the breast. JAMA Oncol. 2018 Mar 1;4(3):335-41.[Abstract][Full Text]
43. Kridel R, Mottok A, Farinha P, et al. Cell of origin of transformed follicular lymphoma. Blood. 2015 Oct 29;126(18):2118-27.[Abstract][Full Text]
44. Clayberger C, Krensky AM. T-cell and NK-cell immunity. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Shattil SJ, eds. Hematology: basic principles and practice. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Churchill Livingstone; 2005:135-47.
45. Brandsma D, Bromberg JEC. Primary CNS lymphoma in HIV infection. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;152:177-86.[Abstract]
46. Alkrekshi A, Kassem A, Park C, et al. Risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in HCV patients in the United States between 2013 and 2020: a population-based study. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2021 Nov;21(11):e832-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
47. Leon ME, Schinasi LH, Lebailly P, et al. Pesticide use and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoid malignancies in agricultural cohorts from France, Norway and the USA: a pooled analysis from the AGRICOH consortium. Int J Epidemiol. 2019 Oct 1;48(5):1519-1535.[Abstract][Full Text]
48. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: B-cell lymphomas [internet publication].[Full Text]
49. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: T-cell lymphomas [internet publication].[Full Text]
50. Forkasiewicz A, Dorociak M, Stach K, et al. The usefulness of lactate dehydrogenase measurements in current oncological practice. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2020;25:35.[Abstract][Full Text]
51. Tilly H, Gomes da Silva M, Vitolo U, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015 Sep;26(suppl 5):v116-25.[Abstract][Full Text]
52. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38.[Abstract]
53. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN central nervous system cancers [internet publication].[Full Text]
54. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: primary cutaneous lymphomas [internet publication].[Full Text]
55. Schaefer NG, Hany TF, Taverna C, et al. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin disease: coregistered FDG PET and CT at staging and restaging--do we need contrast-enhanced CT? Radiology. 2004 Sep;232(3):823-9.[Abstract]
56. Barrington SF, Mikhaeel NG, Kostakoglu L, et al. Role of imaging in the staging and response assessment of lymphoma: consensus of the International Conference on Malignant Lymphomas Imaging Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Sep 20;32(27):3048-58.[Abstract][Full Text]
57. Bodet-Milin C, Kraeber-Bodéré F, Moreau P, et al. Investigation of FDG-PET/CT imaging to guide biopsies in the detection of histological transformation of indolent lymphoma. Haematologica. 2008 Mar;93(3):471-2.[Abstract][Full Text]
58. Noy A, Schöder H, Gönen M, et al. The majority of transformed lymphomas have high standardized uptake values (SUVs) on positron emission tomography (PET) scanning similar to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Ann Oncol. 2009 Mar;20(3):508-12.[Abstract][Full Text]
59. Younes A, Hilden P, Coiffier B, et al. International Working Group consensus response evaluation criteria in lymphoma (RECIL 2017). Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(7):1436-47.[Abstract][Full Text]
60. Burggraaff CN, de Jong A, Hoekstra OS, et al. Predictive value of interim positron emission tomography in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019 Jan;46(1):65-79.[Abstract][Full Text]
61. Seifert R, Kersting D, Rischpler C, et al. Interim FDG-PET analysis to identify patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma who benefit from treatment intensification: a post-hoc analysis of the PETAL trial. Leukemia. 2022 Dec;36(12):2845-52.[Abstract][Full Text]
62. Dührsen U, Müller S, Hertenstein B, et al. Positron emission tomography-guided therapy of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas (PETAL): a multicenter, randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Jul 10;36(20):2024-34.[Abstract][Full Text]
63. Terasawa T, Lau J, Bardet S, et al. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for interim response assessment of advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 10;27(11):1906-14.[Abstract]
64. Federico M, Bellei M, Marcheselli L, et al. Follicular lymphoma international prognostic index 2: a new prognostic index for follicular lymphoma developed by the international follicular lymphoma prognostic factor project. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 20;27(27):4555-62.[Abstract][Full Text]
65. Reddy KR, Beavers KL, Hammond SP, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology. 2015 Jan;148(1):215-9.[Abstract]
66. Boyle MJ, Swanson CE, Turner JJ, et al. Definition of two distinct types of AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 1990 Dec;76(4):506-12.[Abstract]
67. Atallah-Yunes SA, Murphy DJ, Noy A. HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Aug;7(8):e594-e600.[Abstract]
68. Jaffe ES, Ashar BS, Clemens MW, et al. Best practices guideline for the pathologic diagnosis of breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Apr 1;38(10):1102-11.[Abstract][Full Text]
69. Silveira LHJ, de Oliveira VS, Pinheiro RF. Breast implant-associated - anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a call for disease awareness. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther. 2023 Jan-Mar;45(1):124-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
70. Fracol ME, Rodriguez MM, Clemens MW. A spectrum of disease: breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma, atypicals, and other implant associations. Clin Plast Surg. 2023 Apr;50(2):249-57.[Abstract][Full Text]
71. Tevis SE, Hunt KK, Miranda RN, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a prospective series of 52 patients. Ann Surg. 2022 Jan 1;275(1):e245-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
72. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4.[Abstract]
73. Arendt K, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM, et al. Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles: after all these years, are we still missing the point? Neurologist. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-20.[Abstract]
74. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204.[Abstract]
75. Rochwerg B, Almenawer SA, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Atraumatic (pencil-point) versus conventional needles for lumbar puncture: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 May 22;361:k1920.[Abstract][Full Text]
76. Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E. Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):713-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
77. Fraga M, Forteza J. Diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease: an update on histopathological and immunophenotypical features. Histol Histopathol. 2007 Aug;22(8):923-35.[Abstract]
78. Petri M. Review of classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2005 May;31(2):245-54.[Abstract]
79. Lister TA, Crowther D, Sutcliffe SB, et al. Report of a committee convened to discuss the evaluation and staging of patients with Hodgkin's disease: Cotswolds meeting. J Clin Oncol. 1989 Nov;7(11):1630-6.[Abstract]
80. Cheson BD, Fisher RI, Barrington SF, et al. Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the Lugano classification. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Sep 20;32(27):3059-68.[Abstract][Full Text]
81. The International Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project. A predictive model for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):987-94.[Abstract][Full Text]
82. Miller TP, Dahlberg S, Cassady JR, et al. Chemotherapy alone compared with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for localized intermediate- and high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jul 2;339(1):21-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
83. Zhou Z, Sehn LH, Rademaker AW, et al. An enhanced International Prognostic Index (NCCN-IPI) for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated in the rituximab era. Blood. 2014 Feb 6;123(6):837-42.[Abstract][Full Text]
84. Solal-Céligny P, Lepage E, Brousse N, et al. Doxorubicin-containing regimen with or without interferon alfa-2b for advanced follicular lymphomas: final analysis of survival and toxicity in the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes Folliculaires 86 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Jul;16(7):2332-8.[Abstract]
85. Solal-Céligny P, Roy P, Colombat P, et al. Follicular lymphoma international prognostic index. Blood. 2004 Sep 1;104(5):1258-65.[Abstract][Full Text]
86. Schmitz N, Zeynalova S, Nickelsen M, et al. CNS International Prognostic Index: a risk model for CNS relapse in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Sep 10;34(26):3150-6.[Abstract]
87. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: pediatric aggressive mature B-cell lymphomas [internet publication].[Full Text]
88. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma [internet publication].[Full Text]
89. Ferreri AJM, Illerhaus G, Doorduijn JK, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphomas: EHA-ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Hemasphere. 2024 Jun;8(6):e89.[Abstract][Full Text]
90. Zucca E, Arcaini L, Buske C, et al. Marginal zone lymphomas: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2020 Jan;31(1):17-29.[Abstract][Full Text]
91. Dreyling M, Ghielmini M, Rule S, et al. Newly diagnosed and relapsed follicular lymphoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Mar;32(3):298-308.[Abstract][Full Text]
92. Dreyling M, Campo E, Hermine O, et al. Newly diagnosed and relapsed mantle cell lymphoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(suppl_4):iv62-iv71.[Abstract][Full Text]
93. Vitolo U, Seymour JF, Martelli M, et al. Extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2016 Sep;27(suppl 5):v91-102.[Abstract][Full Text]
94. d'Amore F, Gaulard P, Trümper L, et al. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015 Sep;26 Suppl 5:v108-15.[Abstract][Full Text]
95. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. Aug 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
96. British Society for Haematology. Guideline on the investigation and management of follicular lymphoma. June 2020 [internet publication].[Full Text]
97. British Society for Haematology. Diagnosis and management of primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. November 2018 [internet publication].[Full Text]
98. National Institute for Health and Care and Excellence. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: diagnosis and management. July 2016 [internet publication].[Full Text]
99. Armitage JO. How I treat patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):29-36.[Abstract][Full Text]
100. Sparano JA, Lee JY, Kaplan LD, et al. Response-adapted therapy with infusional EPOCH chemotherapy plus rituximab in HIV-associated, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Haematologica. 2021 Mar 1;106(3):730-5.[Abstract][Full Text]
101. Barta SK, Lee JY, Kaplan LD, et al. Pooled analysis of AIDS malignancy consortium trials evaluating rituximab plus CHOP or infusional EPOCH chemotherapy in HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer. 2012 Aug 15;118(16):3977-83.[Abstract][Full Text]
102. Ghose A, Elias HK, Guha G, et al. Influence of rituximab on central nervous system relapse in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and role of prophylaxis--a systematic review of prospective studies. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2015 Aug;15(8):451-7.[Abstract]
103. Eyre TA, Savage KJ, Cheah CY, et al. CNS prophylaxis for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Lancet Oncol. 2022 Sep;23(9):e416-e26.[Abstract]
104. Wilson MR, Cwynarski K, Eyre TA, et al. Central nervous system prophylaxis in large B-cell lymphoma: a British Society for Haematology Good Practice Paper. Br J Haematol. 2024 Aug 11.[Abstract][Full Text]
105. Orellana-Noia VM, Reed DR, McCook AA, et al. Single-route CNS prophylaxis for aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas: real-world outcomes from 21 US academic institutions. Blood. 2022 Jan 20;139(3):413-23.[Abstract][Full Text]
106. Wilson MR, Eyre TA, Kirkwood AA, et al. Timing of high-dose methotrexate CNS prophylaxis in DLBCL: a multicenter international analysis of 1384 patients. Blood. 2022 Apr 21;139(16):2499-511.[Abstract][Full Text]
107. Sawalha Y, Maddocks K. Novel treatments in B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. BMJ. 2022 Apr 20;377:e063439.[Abstract][Full Text]
108. Sehn LH, Salles G. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2021 Mar 4;384(9):842-58.[Abstract]
109. Abramson JS, Solomon SR, Arnason J, et al. Lisocabtagene maraleucel as second-line therapy for large B-cell lymphoma: primary analysis of the phase 3 TRANSFORM study. Blood. 2023 Apr 6;141(14):1675-84.[Abstract][Full Text]
110. Sehn LH, Herrera AF, Flowers CR, et al. Polatuzumab vedotin in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Jan 10;38(2):155-65.[Abstract][Full Text]
111. Morschhauser F, Flinn IW, Advani R, et al. Polatuzumab vedotin or pinatuzumab vedotin plus rituximab in patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma: final results from a phase 2 randomised study (ROMULUS). Lancet Haematol. 2019 May;6(5):e254-65.[Abstract]
112. Salles G, Duell J, González Barca E, et al. Tafasitamab plus lenalidomide in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (L-MIND): a multicentre, prospective, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Jul;21(7):978-88.[Abstract]
113. Caimi PF, Ai W, Alderuccio JP, et al. Loncastuximab tesirine in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (LOTIS-2): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Jun;22(6):790-800.[Abstract]
114. Kalakonda N, Maerevoet M, Cavallo F, et al. Selinexor in patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (SADAL): a single-arm, multinational, multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Jul;7(7):e511-22.[Abstract][Full Text]
115. Thieblemont C, Phillips T, Ghesquieres H, et al. Epcoritamab, a novel, subcutaneous CD3xCD20 bispecific T-cell-engaging antibody, in relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma: dose expansion in a phase I/II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Apr 20;41(12):2238-47.[Abstract][Full Text]
116. Dickinson MJ, Carlo-Stella C, Morschhauser F, et al. Glofitamab for relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2022 Dec 15;387(24):2220-31.[Abstract][Full Text]
117. Cook MR, Williams LS, Dorris CS, et al. Improved survival for dose-intensive chemotherapy in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 4,068 patients. Haematologica. 2024 Mar 1;109(3):846-56.[Abstract][Full Text]
118. Morgenstern Y, Aumann S, Goldschmidt N, et al. Dose-adjusted EPOCH-R is not superior to sequential R-CHOP/R-ICE as a frontline treatment for newly diagnosed primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma: results of a bi-center retrospective study. Cancer Med. 2021 Dec;10(24):8866-75.[Abstract][Full Text]
119. Ferreri AJM, Calimeri T, Cwynarski K, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023 Jun 15;9(1):29.[Abstract][Full Text]
120. Illerhaus G, Kasenda B, Ihorst G, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous haemopoietic stem cell transplantation for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: a prospective, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2016 Aug;3(8):e388-97.[Abstract]
121. Rubenstein JL, Hsi ED, Johnson JL, et al. Intensive chemotherapy and immunotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: CALGB 50202 (Alliance 50202). J Clin Oncol. 2013 Sep 1;31(25):3061-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
122. Scordo M, Wang TP, Ahn KW, et al. Outcomes associated with thiotepa-based conditioning in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma after autologous hematopoietic cell transplant. JAMA Oncol. 2021 Jul 1;7(7):993-1003.[Abstract][Full Text]
123. Morris PG, Correa DD, Yahalom J, et al. Rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine, and vincristine followed by consolidation reduced-dose whole-brain radiotherapy and cytarabine in newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: final results and long-term outcome. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Nov 1;31(31):3971-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
124. Howard OM, Gribben JG, Neuber DS, et al. Rituximab and CHOP induction therapy for newly diagnosed mantle-cell lymphoma: molecular complete responses are not predictive of progression-free survival. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Mar 1;20(5):1288-94.[Abstract]
125. Lenz G, Dreyling M, Hoster E, et al. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab and cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone significantly improves response and time to treatment failure, but not long-term outcome in patients with previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma: results of a prospective randomized trial of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG). J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 20;23(9):1984-92.[Abstract]
126. Khouri IF, Romaguera J, Kantarjian H, et al. Hyper-CVAD and high-dose methotrexate/cytarabine followed by stem-cell transplantation: an active regimen for aggressive mantle-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Dec;16(12):3803-9.[Abstract]
127. Fisher RI, Bernstein SH, Kahl BS, et al. Multicenter phase II study of bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Oct 20;24(30):4867-74.[Abstract]
128. Wang M, Rule S, Zinzani PL, et al. Durable response with single-agent acalabrutinib in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Leukemia. 2019 Nov;33(11):2762-2766.[Abstract][Full Text]
129. Tam CS, Opat S, Simpson D, et al. Zanubrutinib for the treatment of relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2021 Jun 22;5(12):2577-2585.[Abstract][Full Text]
130. Wang M, Fayad L, Wagner-Bartak N, et al. Lenalidomide in combination with rituximab for patients with relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma: a phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Jul;13(7):716-23.[Abstract][Full Text]
131. Wang M, Munoz J, Goy A, et al. KTE-X19 CAR T-cell therapy in relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 2;382(14):1331-42.[Abstract][Full Text]
132. Wang ML, Jurczak W, Zinzani PL, et al. Pirtobrutinib in covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor pretreated mantle-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Aug 20;41(24):3988-97.[Abstract][Full Text]
133. Dunleavy K, Fanale MA, Abramson JS, et al. Dose-adjusted EPOCH-R (etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and rituximab) in untreated aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with MYC rearrangement: a prospective, multicentre, single-arm phase 2 study. Lancet Haematol. 2018 Dec;5(12):e609-17.[Abstract]
134. Horwitz S, O'Connor OA, Pro B, et al. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (ECHELON-2): a global, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019 Jan 19;393(10168):229-40.[Abstract]
135. Di Sabatino A, Biagi F, Gobbi PG, et al. How I treat enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2012 Mar 15;119(11):2458-68.[Abstract][Full Text]
136. Jantunen E, Boumendil A, Finel H, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: a retrospective study by the EBMT. Blood. 2013 Mar 28;121(13):2529-32.[Abstract][Full Text]
137. d'Amore F, Relander T, Lauritzsen GF, et al. Up-front autologous stem-cell transplantation in peripheral T-cell lymphoma: NLG-T-01. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Sep 1;30(25):3093-9.[Abstract]
138. Zhai Y, Wang J, Jiang Y, et al. The efficiency of autologous stem cell transplantation as the first-line treatment for nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Hematol. 2022 Mar;15(3):265-72.[Abstract]
139. Park SI, Horwitz SM, Foss FM, et al. The role of autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with nodal peripheral T-cell lymphomas in first complete remission: report from COMPLETE, a prospective, multicenter cohort study. Cancer. 2019 May 1;125(9):1507-17.[Abstract][Full Text]
140. Fossard G, Broussais F, Coelho I, et al. Role of up-front autologous stem-cell transplantation in peripheral T-cell lymphoma for patients in response after induction: an analysis of patients from LYSA centers. Ann Oncol. 2018 Mar 1;29(3):715-23.[Abstract][Full Text]
141. Ardeshna KM, Qian W, Smith P, et al. Rituximab versus a watch-and-wait approach in patients with advanced-stage, asymptomatic, non-bulky follicular lymphoma: an open-label randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Apr;15(4):424-35.[Abstract][Full Text]
142. Rummel MJ, Niederle N, Maschmeyer G, et al. Bendamustine plus rituximab versus CHOP plus rituximab as first-line treatment for patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2013 Apr 6;381(9873):1203-10.[Abstract]
143. Flinn IW, van der Jagt R, Kahl B, et al. First-line treatment of patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma or mantle-cell lymphoma with bendamustine plus rituximab versus R-CHOP or R-CVP: results of the BRIGHT 5-year follow-up study. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Apr 20;37(12):984-91.[Abstract][Full Text]
144. Morschhauser F, Fowler NH, Feugier P, et al. Rituximab plus lenalidomide in advanced untreated follicular lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2018 Sep 6;379(10):934-47.[Abstract][Full Text]
145. Marcus R, Davies A, Ando K, et al. Obinutuzumab for the first-line treatment of follicular lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 5;377(14):1331-44.[Abstract]
146. Rossi D, Bertoni F, Zucca E. Marginal-zone lymphomas. N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):568-81.[Abstract]
147. Kalpadakis C, Pangalis GA, Dimopoulou MN, et al. Rituximab monotherapy is highly effective in splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Hematol Oncol. 2007 Sep;25(3):127-31.[Abstract]
148. Kalpadakis C, Pangalis GA, Angelopoulou MK, et al. Treatment of splenic marginal zone lymphoma with rituximab monotherapy: progress report and comparison with splenectomy. Oncologist. 2013;18(2):190-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
149. Liu H, Ye H, Ruskone-Fourmestraux A, et al. T(11;18) is a marker for all stage gastric MALT lymphomas that will not respond to H. pylori eradication. Gastroenterology. 2002 May;122(5):1286-94.[Abstract][Full Text]
150. Dumont M, Battistella M, Ram-Wolff C, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas: state of the art and perspectives. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Jun 8;12(6):1497.[Abstract][Full Text]
151. Clemens MW, Medeiros LJ, Butler CE, et al. Complete surgical excision is essential for the management of patients with breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jan 10;34(2):160-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
152. The Plastic Surgery Foundation. Profile. 2011 [internet publication].[Full Text]
153. Balducci L, Al-Halawani H, Charu V, et al. Elderly cancer patients receiving chemotherapy benefit from first-cycle pegfilgrastim. Oncologist. 2007 Dec;12(12):1416-24.[Abstract]
154. Smith TJ, Bohlke K, Lyman GH, et al. Recommendations for the use of WBC growth factors: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Oct 1;33(28):3199-212.[Abstract]
155. Coiffier B, Lepage E, Briere J, et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 24;346(4):235-42.[Abstract][Full Text]
156. Wang ML, Rule S, Martin P, et al. Targeting BTK with ibrutinib in relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 8;369(6):507-16.[Abstract][Full Text]
157. Lee DH, Hawk F, Seok K, et al. Association between ibrutinib treatment and hypertension. Heart. 2022 Mar;108(6):445-50.[Abstract]
158. Dickerson T, Wiczer T, Waller A, et al. Hypertension and incident cardiovascular events following ibrutinib initiation. Blood. 2019 Nov 28;134(22):1919-28.[Abstract][Full Text]
159. Wang ML, Blum KA, Martin P, et al. Long-term follow-up of MCL patients treated with single-agent ibrutinib: updated safety and efficacy results. Blood. 2015 Aug 6;126(6):739-45.[Abstract][Full Text]
160. Tang CPS, Lip GYH, McCormack T, et al. Management of cardiovascular complications of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Br J Haematol. 2022 Jan;196(1):70-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
161. Wang ML, Jurczak W, Jerkeman M, et al. Ibrutinib plus bendamustine and rituximab in untreated mantle-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jun 30;386(26):2482-94.[Abstract][Full Text]
162. Boulanger E, Gérard L, Gabarre J, et al. Prognostic factors and outcome of human herpesvirus 8-associated primary effusion lymphoma in patients with AIDS. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 1;23(19):4372-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
163. Goebeler ME, Knop S, Viardot A, et al. Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody construct blinatumomab for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma: final results from a phase I study. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Apr 1;34(10):1104-11.[Abstract][Full Text]
164. Viardot A, Goebeler ME, Hess G, et al. Phase 2 study of the bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody blinatumomab in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2016 Mar 17;127(11):1410-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
165. Kolstad A, Madsbu U, Beasley M, et al. 177 lu-lilotomab satetraxetan, a novel CD37-targeted antibody-radionuclide conjugate in relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL): updated results of an ongoing phase I/II study (LYMRIT 37-01). 59th ASH Annual Meeting abstracts. 623: mantle cell, follicular, and other indolent b-cell lymphoma - clinical studies: poster II. Blood. 2017 Dec 7;130(Suppl 1):2769.[Full Text]
166. Kolstad A, Madsbu U, Beasley M, et al. LYMRIT 37-01: a phase I/II study of 177lu-lilotomab satetraxetan (Betalutin®) antibody-radionuclide-conjugate (ARC) for the treatment of relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) - analysis with 6-month follow-up. 60th ASH Annual Meeting abstracts. 623: mantle cell, follicular, and other indolent b-cell lymphoma - clinical studies: poster II. Blood. 2018 Nov 29;132(Suppl 1):2879.[Full Text]
167. Tam CS, Anderson MA, Pott C, et al. Ibrutinib plus venetoclax for the treatment of mantle-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 29;378(13):1211-23.[Abstract][Full Text]
168. Parikh A, Gopalakrishnan S, Freise KJ, et al. Exposure-response evaluations of venetoclax efficacy and safety in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2018 Apr;59(4):871-9.[Abstract]
169. Kim WS, Oki Y, Kim SJ, et al. Autologous EBV-specific T cell treatment results in sustained responses in patients with advanced extranodal NK/T lymphoma: results of a multicenter study. Ann Hematol. 2021 Oct;100(10):2529-39.[Abstract]
170. ClinicalTrials.gov. Dose escalation and expansion study of orally administered VRx-3996 and valganciclovir in subjects with Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoid malignancies. Jul 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
171. Porcu P, Haverkos B, Brem E, et al. A phase Ib/II study of oral nanatinostat (N) and valganciclovir (VG) in subjects with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphomas. 2019 ASCO Annual Meeting I. Hematologic malignancies - lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Abstract 7551. J Clin Oncol. 2019 May 20;37(15 Suppl):7551.[Full Text]
172. Ji J, Liu Z, Kuang P, et al. A new conditioning regimen with chidamide, cladribine, gemcitabine and busulfan significantly improve the outcome of high-risk or relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Int J Cancer. 2021 Dec 15;149(12):2075-82.[Abstract][Full Text]
173. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) [internet publiction].[Full Text]
174. McKay P, Leach M, Jackson B, et al. Guideline for the management of mantle cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2018 Jul;182(1):46-62.[Abstract][Full Text]
175. National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer stat facts: NHL - diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) [internet publication].[Full Text]
176. National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer stat facts: NHL - follicular lymphoma [internet publication].[Full Text]
177. Ferreri AJ, Abrey LE, Blay J-Y, et al. Management of primary central nervous system lymphoma: a summary statement from the 8th International Conference on Malignant Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jun 15;21(12):2407-14.[Abstract]
178. Simonelli C, Spina M, Cinelli R, et al. Clinical features and outcome of primary effusion lymphoma in HIV-infected patients: a single-institution study. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Nov 1;21(21):3948-54.[Abstract]
179. Ribrag V, Koscielny S, Bosq J, et al. Rituximab and dose-dense chemotherapy for adults with Burkitt's lymphoma: a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016 Jun 11;387(10036):2402-11.[Abstract]
180. Minard-Colin V, Aupérin A, Pillon M, et al. Rituximab for high-risk, mature B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 4;382(23):2207-19.[Abstract][Full Text]
181. Miranda RN, Aladily TN, Prince HM, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: long-term follow-up of 60 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Jan 10;32(2):114-20.[Abstract][Full Text]
182. Ferrufino-Schmidt MC, Medeiros LJ, Liu H, et al. Clinicopathologic features and prognostic impact of lymph node involvement in patients with breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2018 Mar;42(3):293-305.[Abstract][Full Text]
183. Li J, Wu Z, Zhao N. Individual patient data meta-analysis from 16 trials for safety factors in cytokine release syndrome after CAR-T therapy in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Adv Ther. 2019 Oct;36(10):2881-94.[Abstract]
184. Santomasso BD, Nastoupil LJ, Adkins S, et al. Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Dec 10;39(35):3978-92.[Abstract][Full Text]
185. Patel NP, Doukas PG, Gordon LI, et al. Cardiovascular toxicities of CAR T-cell therapy. Curr Oncol Rep. 2021 May 3;23(7):78.[Abstract]
186. Hsu C, Hsiung CA, Su IJ, et al. A revisit of prophylactic lamivudine for chemotherapy-associated hepatitis B reactivation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a randomized trial. Hepatology. 2008 Mar;47(3):844-53.[Abstract]
187. Huang YH, Hsiao LT, Hong YC, et al. Randomized controlled trial of entecavir prophylaxis for rituximab-associated hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with lymphoma and resolved hepatitis B. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Aug 1;31(22):2765-72.[Abstract][Full Text]
Key Articles
Referenced Articles
Sign in to access our clinical decision support tools