Celiac disease - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Celiac disease is common, affecting up to 1% of the general population, and may present at any age.
Presentation is varied and ranges from diarrhea and failure to thrive, to iron-deficiency anemia or osteoporosis.
Diagnosis is suggested by positive immunoglobulin A tissue transglutaminase serology, but in most cases is confirmed by duodenal biopsy and histology.
The only current therapy is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet.
Complications of untreated celiac disease include gastrointestinal symptoms, malabsorption, increased risk of malignancy, and higher overall mortality than in the general population.

Histologic image of small intestinal villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia

From the personal collection of DA Leffler; used with permission

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
- Other Factors
More information...
Diagnostics Tests
More information...
Treatment Options
More information...

Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Histologic image of small intestinal villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia
Histologic image of small intestinal villi showing resolution of intestinal injury on gluten-free diet
Photograph of small intestinal villi affected by celiac disease
Photograph of normal small intestinal villi
Capsule endoscopy pictures of ulcerative jejunitis in a patient with celiac disease
Scalloping of the duodenal mucosa in a patient with celiac disease
Scalloping of the duodenal mucosa in a patient with celiac disease
Dermatitis herpetiformis: typical lesions on extensor surface of forearm

Citations

Key Articles

Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al. European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019 Jun;7(5):583-613.[Abstract][Full Text]
van der Windt DA, Jellema P, Mulder CJ, et al. Diagnostic testing for celiac disease among patients with abdominal symptoms: a systematic review. JAMA. 2010 May 5;303(17):1738-46.[Abstract][Full Text]
Chaudrey KH. ACG guideline: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(1):23.[Abstract]
Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó I, et al. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition guidelines for diagnosing coeliac disease 2020. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020 Jan;70(1):141-56.[Abstract][Full Text]
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Coeliac disease: recognition, assessment and management. Sep 2015 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (American Dietetic Association). Celiac disease evidence-based nutrition practice guideline. 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]

Other Online Resources

BMJ talk medicine: Celiac disease
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse: celiac disease
Gluten-free drugs
National Celiac Association

Referenced Articles

1. Singh P, Arora A, Strand TA, et al. Global prevalence of celiac disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Jun;16(6):823-36.[Abstract]
2. Sood A, Midha V, Sood N, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease among school children in Punjab, North India. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Oct;21(10):1622-5.[Abstract]
3. Ertekin V, Selimoglu MA, Kardas F, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in Turkish children. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep;39(8):689-91.[Abstract]
4. Yap TW, Chan WK, Leow AH, et al. Prevalence of serum celiac antibodies in a multiracial Asian population - a first study in the young Asian adult population of Malaysia. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0121908.[Abstract][Full Text]
5. Ashtari S, Najafimehr H, Pourhoseingholi MA, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in low and high risk population in Asia-Pacific region: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 27;11(1):2383.[Abstract][Full Text]
6. Makharia GK, Chauhan A, Singh P, et al. Review article: Epidemiology of coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022 Jul;56 Suppl 1:S3-S17.[Abstract]
7. Singh P, Arora S, Singh A, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Jun;31(6):1095-101.[Abstract]
8. Roberts SE, Morrison-Rees S, Thapar N, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the incidence and prevalence of paediatric coeliac disease across Europe. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Jul;54(2):109-28.[Abstract]
9. King JA, Jeong J, Underwood FE, et al. Incidence of celiac disease is increasing over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 Apr;115(4):507-25.[Abstract]
10. Liu E, Dong F, Barón AE, et al. High incidence of celiac disease in a long-term study of adolescents with susceptibility genotypes. Gastroenterology. 2017 May;152(6):1329-36.e1.[Abstract][Full Text]
11. Jansson-Knodell CL, Hujoel IA, West CP, et al. Sex difference in celiac disease in undiagnosed populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Sep;17(10):1954-68.e13.[Abstract]
12. Green PH. The many faces of celiac disease: clinical presentation of celiac disease in the adult population. Gastroenterology. 2005 Apr;128(4 Suppl 1):S74-8.[Abstract]
13. Green PH, Stavropoulos SN, Panagi SG, et al. Characteristics of adult celiac disease in the USA: results of a national survey. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Jan;96(1):126-31.[Abstract]
14. Ilus T, Kaukinen K, Virta LJ, et al. Refractory coeliac disease in a country with a high prevalence of clinically-diagnosed coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Feb;39(4):418-25.[Abstract][Full Text]
15. Sollid LM, Markussen G, Ek J, et al. Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ alpha/beta heterodimer. J Exp Med. 1989 Jan 1;169(1):345-50.[Abstract][Full Text]
16. Spurkland A, Sollid LM, Polanco I, et al. HLA-DR and -DQ genotypes of celiac disease patients serologically typed to be non-DR3 or non-DR5/7. Hum Immunol. 1992 Nov;35(3):188-92.[Abstract]
17. Andrén Aronsson C, Lee HS, Hård Af Segerstad EM, et al. Association of gluten intake during the first 5 years of life with incidence of celiac disease autoimmunity and celiac disease among children at increased risk. JAMA. 2019 Aug 13;322(6):514-23.[Abstract][Full Text]
18. Mårild K, Dong F, Lund-Blix NA, et al. Gluten intake and risk of celiac disease: Long-term follow-up of an at-risk birth cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Aug;114(8):1307-14.[Abstract][Full Text]
19. Lund-Blix NA, Mårild K, Tapia G, et al. Gluten intake in early childhood and risk of celiac disease in childhood: a nationwide cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Aug;114(8):1299-306.[Abstract]
20. Akobeng AK, Singh P, Kumar M, et al. Role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease and potential therapeutic implications. Eur J Nutr. 2020 Dec;59(8):3369-90.[Abstract][Full Text]
21. Olivares M, Walker AW, Capilla A, et al. Gut microbiota trajectory in early life may predict development of celiac disease. Microbiome. 2018 Feb 20;6(1):36.[Abstract][Full Text]
22. Bouziat R, Hinterleitner R, Brown JJ, et al. Reovirus infection triggers inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and development of celiac disease. Science. 2017 Apr 7;356(6333):44-50.[Abstract][Full Text]
23. Kahrs CR, Chuda K, Tapia G, et al. Enterovirus as trigger of coeliac disease: nested case-control study within prospective birth cohort. BMJ. 2019 Feb 13;364:l231.[Abstract][Full Text]
24. Tapia G, Chudá K, Kahrs CR, et al. Parechovirus Infection in Early Childhood and Association With Subsequent Celiac Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Apr;116(4):788-95.[Abstract]
25. Shan L, Molberg Ø, Parrot I, et al. Structural basis for gluten intolerance in celiac sprue. Science. 2002 Sep 27;297(5590):2275-9.[Abstract]
26. Ráki M, Tollefsen S, Molberg Ø, et al. A unique dendritic cell subset accumulates in the celiac lesion and efficiently activates gluten-reactive T cells. Gastroenterology. 2006 Aug;131(2):428-38.[Abstract]
27. Mention JJ, Ben Ahmed M, Bègue B, et al. Interleukin 15: a key to disrupted intraepithelial lymphocyte homeostasis and lymphomagenesis in celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2003 Sep;125(3):730-45.[Abstract]
28. Abadie V, Jabri B. IL-15: a central regulator of celiac disease immunopathology. Immunol Rev. 2014 Jul;260(1):221-34.[Abstract][Full Text]
29. Di Sabatino A, Ciccocioppo R, Cupelli F, et al. Epithelium derived interleukin 15 regulates intraepithelial lymphocyte Th1 cytokine production, cytotoxicity, and survival in coeliac disease. Gut. 2006 Apr;55(4):469-77.[Abstract][Full Text]
30. Dieterich W, Ehnis T, Bauer M, et al. Identification of tissue transglutaminase as the autoantigen of celiac disease. Nat Med. 1997 Jul;3(7):797-801.[Abstract]
31. Dieterich W, Esslinger B, Schuppan D. Pathomechanisms in celiac disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2003 Oct;132(2):98-108.[Abstract]
32. Rubio-Tapia A, Van Dyke CT, Lahr BD, et al. Predictors of family risk for celiac disease: a population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Sep;6(9):983-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
33. Singh P, Arora S, Lal S, et al. Risk of celiac disease in the first- and second-degree relatives of patients with celiac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Nov;110(11):1539-48.[Abstract]
34. Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al. European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019 Jun;7(5):583-613.[Abstract][Full Text]
35. Kuja-Halkola R, Lebwohl B, Halfvarson J, et al. Heritability of non-HLA genetics in coeliac disease: a population-based study in 107 000 twins. Gut. 2016 Nov;65(11):1793-98.[Abstract]
36. Greco L, Romino R, Coto I, et al. The first large population based twin study of coeliac disease. Gut. 2002 May;50(5):624-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
37. US Preventive Services Task Force., Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Screening for Celiac Disease: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2017 Mar 28;317(12):1252-57.[Abstract][Full Text]
38. Collin P, Maki M, Keyrilainen O, et al. Selective IgA deficiency and coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1992 May;27(5):367-71.[Abstract]
39. Craig ME, Prinz N, Boyle CT, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in 52,721 youth with type 1 diabetes: international comparison across three continents. Diabetes Care. 2017 Aug;40(8):1034-40.[Abstract][Full Text]
40. Nederstigt C, Uitbeijerse BS, Janssen LGM, et al. Associated auto-immune disease in type 1 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019 Feb 1;180(2):135-44.[Abstract][Full Text]
41. Smyth DJ, Plagnol V, Walker NM, et al. Shared and distinct genetic variants in type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. N Engl J Med. 2008 Dec 25;359(26):2767-77.[Abstract][Full Text]
42. Kozhakhmetova A, Wyatt RC, Caygill C, et al. A quarter of patients with type 1 diabetes have co-existing non-islet autoimmunity: the findings of a UK population-based family study. Clin Exp Immunol. 2018 Jun;192(3):251-8.[Abstract]
43. Prieto J, Singh KB, Nnadozie MC, et al. New evidence in the pathogenesis of celiac disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Cureus. 2021 Jul;13(7):e16721.[Abstract][Full Text]
44. Vaarala O, Atkinson MA, Neu J. The "perfect storm" for type 1 diabetes: the complex interplay between intestinal microbiota, gut permeability, and mucosal immunity. Diabetes. 2008 Oct;57(10):2555-62.[Abstract][Full Text]
45. Elfström P, Montgomery SM, Kämpe O, et al. Risk of thyroid disease in individuals with celiac disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Oct;93(10):3915-21.[Abstract][Full Text]
46. Roy A, Laszkowska M, Sundström J, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: a meta-analysis. Thyroid. 2016 Jul;26(7):880-90.[Abstract]
47. Skelin M, Lucijanić T, Amidžić Klarić D, et al. Factors affecting gastrointestinal absorption of levothyroxine: a review. Clin Ther. 2017 Feb;39(2):378-403.[Abstract]
48. Kyriacou A, McLaughlin J, Syed AA. Thyroid disorders and gastrointestinal and liver dysfunction: a state of the art review. Eur J Intern Med. 2015 Oct;26(8):563-71.[Abstract]
49. Sun X, Lu L, Yang R, et al. Increased incidence of thyroid disease in patients with celiac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Dec 28;11(12):e0168708.[Abstract][Full Text]
50. Mårild K, Stephansson O, Grahnquist L, et al. Down syndrome is associated with elevated risk of celiac disease: a nationwide case-control study. J Pediatr. 2013 Jul;163(1):237-42.[Abstract]
51. Du Y, Shan LF, Cao ZZ, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in patients with Down syndrome: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2018 Jan 12;9(4):5387-96.[Abstract][Full Text]
52. Al-Bluwi GSM, AlNababteh AH, Östlundh L, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in patients with Turner syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:674896.[Abstract][Full Text]
53. De Sanctis V, Khater D. Autoimmune diseases in Turner syndrome: an overview. Acta Biomed. 2019 Sep 6;90(3):341-4.[Abstract][Full Text]
54. Mohamed SOO, Elkhidir IHE, Abuzied AIH, et al. Prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases among the Turner syndrome patients: meta-analysis of cross sectional studies. BMC Res Notes. 2018 Nov 29;11(1):842.[Abstract][Full Text]
55. Lauret E, Rodrigo L. Celiac disease and autoimmune-associated conditions. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:127589.[Abstract][Full Text]
56. Pinto-Sanchez MI, Seiler CL, Santesso N, et al. Association Between Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Celiac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterology. 2020 Sep;159(3):884-903.e31.[Abstract]
57. Mårild K, Söderling J, Lebwohl B, et al. Association of celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide register-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Sep 1;117(9):1471-81.[Abstract]
58. Bizzaro N, Villalta D, Tonutti E, et al. IgA and IgG tissue transglutaminase antibody prevalence and clinical significance in connective tissue diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2003 Dec;48(12):2360-5.[Abstract]
59. Callichurn K, Cvetkovic L, Therrien A, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol. 2021 Feb;4(1):44-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
60. Acharya P, Mathur M. Association between psoriasis and celiac disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Jun;82(6):1376-85.[Abstract]
61. Vriezinga SL, Auricchio R, Bravi E, et al. Randomized feeding intervention in infants at high risk for celiac disease. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 2;371(14):1304-15.[Abstract][Full Text]
62. Lionetti E, Castellaneta S, Francavilla R, et al. Introduction of gluten, HLA status, and the risk of celiac disease in children. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 2;371(14):1295-303.[Abstract][Full Text]
63. Pinto-Sánchez MI, Verdu EF, Liu E, et al. Gluten introduction to infant feeding and risk of celiac disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr. 2016 Jan;168:132-43.[Abstract][Full Text]
64. Ford AC, Ching E, Moayyedi P. Meta-analysis: yield of diagnostic tests for coeliac disease in dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jul;30(1):28-36.[Abstract][Full Text]
65. Ford AC, Chey WD, Talley NJ, et al. Yield of diagnostic tests for celiac disease in individuals with symptoms suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Apr 13;169(7):651-8.[Abstract]
66. Irvine AJ, Chey WD, Ford AC. Screening for celiac disease in irritable bowel syndrome: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan;112(1):65-76.[Abstract][Full Text]
67. Pastore L, Carroccio A, Compilato D, et al. Oral manifestations of celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;42(3):224-32.[Abstract]
68. van der Windt DA, Jellema P, Mulder CJ, et al. Diagnostic testing for celiac disease among patients with abdominal symptoms: a systematic review. JAMA. 2010 May 5;303(17):1738-46.[Abstract][Full Text]
69. Lewis NR, Scott BB. Meta-analysis: deamidated gliadin peptide antibody and tissue transglutaminase antibody compared as screening tests for coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jan;31(1):73-81.[Abstract][Full Text]
70. Chow MA, Lebwohl B, Reilly NR, et al. Immunoglobulin A deficiency in celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Nov-Dec;46(10):850-4.[Abstract]
71. Lewis NR, Scott BB. Systematic review: the use of serology to exclude or diagnose coeliac disease (a comparison of the endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibody tests). Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Jul 1;24(1):47-54.[Abstract][Full Text]
72. Volta U, Fabbri A, Parisi C, et al. Old and new serological tests for celiac disease screening. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Feb;4(1):31-5.[Abstract]
73. Chaudrey KH. ACG guideline: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(1):23.[Abstract]
74. Catassi GN, Pulvirenti A, Monachesi C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of IgA anti-transglutaminase and IgG anti-deamidated gliadin for diagnosis of celiac disease in children under two years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021 Dec 21;14(1):7.[Abstract][Full Text]
75. Volta U, Caio G, Boschetti E, et al. Seronegative celiac disease: shedding light on an obscure clinical entity. Dig Liver Dis. 2016 Sep;48(9):1018-22.[Abstract]
76. Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó I, et al. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition guidelines for diagnosing coeliac disease 2020. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020 Jan;70(1):141-56.[Abstract][Full Text]
77. Husby S, Murray JA, Katzka DA. AGA clinical practice update on diagnosis and monitoring of celiac disease - changing utility of serology and histologic measures: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2019 Mar;156(4):885-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
78. Marsh MN. The immunopathology of small intestinal reaction in gluten-sensitivity. Immunol Invest. 1989 Jan-May;18(1-4):509-31.[Abstract]
79. Luján-Sanchis M, Pérez-Cuadrado-Robles E, García-Lledó J, et al. Role of capsule endoscopy in suspected celiac disease: a European multi-centre study. World J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan 28;23(4):703-11.[Abstract][Full Text]
80. Elli L, Casazza G, Locatelli M, et al. Use of enteroscopy for the detection of malignant and premalignant lesions of the small bowel in complicated celiac disease: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017 Aug;86(2):264-73;e1.[Abstract]
81. Leffler DA, Schuppan D, Pallav K, et al. Kinetics of the histological, serological and symptomatic responses to gluten challenge in adults with coeliac disease. Gut. 2013 Jul;62(7):996-1004.[Abstract][Full Text]
82. Leonard MM, Silvester JA, Leffler D, et al. Evaluating responses to gluten challenge: a randomized, double-blind, 2-dose gluten challenge trial. Gastroenterology. 2021 Feb;160(3):720-33.e8.[Abstract][Full Text]
83. Hearn NL, Chiu CL, Lind JM. Comparison of DNA methylation profiles from saliva in coeliac disease and non-coeliac disease individuals. BMC Med Genomics. 2020 Feb 3;13(1):16.[Abstract][Full Text]
84. Rashid M, Butzner JD, Warren R, et al. Home blood testing for celiac disease: recommendations for management. Can Fam Physician. 2009 Feb;55(2):151-3.[Abstract][Full Text]
85. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Coeliac disease: recognition, assessment and management. Sep 2015 [internet publication].[Full Text]
86. Mahadev S, Laszkowska M, Sundström J, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in patients with iron deficiency anemia - a systematic review with meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2018 Aug;155(2):374-82;e1.[Abstract][Full Text]
87. Farrell RJ, Kelly CP. Celiac sprue. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 17;346(3):180-8.[Abstract]
88. Jalilian M, Jalali R. Prevalence of celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes: A review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021 May-Jun;15(3):969-74.[Abstract]
89. Fedewa MV, Bentley JL, Higgins S, et al. Celiac Disease and Bone Health in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Densitom. 2020 Apr - Jun;23(2):200-11.[Abstract]
90. Jericho H, Sansotta N, Guandalini S. Extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease: effectiveness of the gluten-free diet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Jul;65(1):75-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
91. Siniscalchi M, Iovino P, Tortora R, et al. Fatigue in adult coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Sep 1;22(5):489-94.[Abstract][Full Text]
92. Jelsness-Jørgensen LP, Bernklev T, Lundin KEA. Fatigue as an extra-intestinal manifestation of celiac disease: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2018 Nov 3;10(11):1652.[Abstract][Full Text]
93. Bledsoe AC, King KS, Larson JJ, et al. Micronutrient deficiencies are common in contemporary celiac disease despite lack of overt malabsorption symptoms. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019 Jul;94(7):1253-60.[Abstract]
94. Hill ID, Dirks MH, Liptak GS, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Jan;40(1):1-19.[Abstract][Full Text]
95. Singh AD, Singh P, Farooqui N, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in patients with short stature: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Jan;36(1):44-54.[Abstract][Full Text]
96. Nieri M, Tofani E, Defraia E, et al. Enamel defects and aphthous stomatitis in celiac and healthy subjects: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies. J Dent. 2017 Oct;65:1-10.[Abstract]
97. Rodrigo L, Beteta-Gorriti V, Alvarez N, et al. Cutaneous and mucosal manifestations associated with celiac disease. Nutrients. 2018 Jun 21;10(7):800.[Abstract][Full Text]
98. Preeti L, Magesh K, Rajkumar K, et al. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2011 Sep;15(3):252-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
99. Rashid M, Zarkadas M, Anca A, et al. Oral manifestations of celiac disease: a clinical guide for dentists. J Can Dent Assoc. 2011;77:b39.[Abstract][Full Text]
100. Tursi A, Giorgetti GM, Iani C, et al. Peripheral neurological disturbances, autonomic dysfunction, and antineuronal antibodies in adult celiac disease before and after a gluten-free diet. Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Oct;51(10):1869-74.[Abstract]
101. Mearns ES, Taylor A, Thomas Craig KJ, et al. Neurological manifestations of neuropathy and ataxia in celiac disease: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2019 Feb 12;11(2):380.[Abstract][Full Text]
102. Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DD, Aeschlimann DP. Gluten-related disorders: gluten ataxia. Dig Dis. 2015;33(2):264-8.[Abstract]
103. Hadjivassiliou M, Davies-Jones GA, Sanders DS, et al. Dietary treatment of gluten ataxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;74(9):1221-4.[Abstract][Full Text]
104. Lewis DC. Three serotypes of Norwalk-like virus demonstrated by solid-phase immune electron microscopy. J Med Virol. 1990 Jan;30(1):77-81.[Abstract][Full Text]
105. Castillo NE, Vanga RR, Theethira TG, et al. Prevalence of abnormal liver function tests in celiac disease and the effect of a gluten-free diet in the US population. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Aug;110(8):1216-22.[Abstract]
106. Clappison E, Hadjivassiliou M, Zis P. Psychiatric manifestations of coeliac disease, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020 Jan 4;12(1):142.[Abstract][Full Text]
107. Ertürk E, Wouters S, Imeraj L, et al. Association of ADHD and celiac disease: what is the evidence? A systematic review of the literature. J Atten Disord. 2020 Aug;24(10):1371-76.[Abstract]
108. Quan J, Panaccione N, Jeong J, et al. Association between celiac disease and autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2021 May 1;72(5):704-11.[Abstract]
109. Schiepatti A, Rej A, Maimaris S, et al. Clinical classification and long-term outcomes of seronegative coeliac disease: a 20-year multicentre follow-up study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Nov;54(10):1278-89.[Abstract]
110. Leonard MM, Lebwohl B, Rubio-Tapia A, et al. AGA clinical practice update on the evaluation and management of seronegative enteropathies: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2021 Jan;160(1):437-44.[Abstract]
111. Shahnaz A, Maguire G, Parker R, et al. Tissue transglutaminase antibody levels predict IgA deficiency. Arch Dis Child. 2013 Nov;98(11):873-6.[Abstract]
112. Dickey W, Hughes D. Disappointing sensitivity of endoscopic markers for villous atrophy in a high-risk population: implications for celiac disease diagnosis during routine endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Jul;96(7):2126-8.[Abstract]
113. Murray JA, Rubio-Tapia A, Van Dyke CT, et al. Mucosal atrophy in celiac disease: extent of involvement, correlation with clinical presentation, and response to treatment Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2008 Feb;6(2):186-93. [Abstract][Full Text]
114. Jeffers MD, Hourihane DO. Coeliac disease with histological features of peptic duodenitis: value of assessment of intraepithelial lymphocytes. J Clin Pathol. 1993 May;46(5):420-4.[Abstract][Full Text]
115. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites: giardia. Feb 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
116. Quigley EM, Quera R. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: roles of antibiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics. Gastroenterology. 2006 Feb;130(2 Suppl 1):S78-90.[Abstract]
117. Singh VV, Toskes PP. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth: presentation, diagnosis and treatment. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2004 Feb;7(1):19-28.[Abstract]
118. Sood M, Booth IW. Is prolonged rotavirus infection a common cause of protracted diarrhoea? Arch Dis Child. 1999 Apr;80(4):309-10.[Abstract][Full Text]
119. Biswas S, Hoo W, Katsoulas N, et al. Eosinophilic enteritis: a rare cause of abdominal pain. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jan;22(1):87-8.[Abstract]
120. Sharma P, Baloda V, Gahlot GP, et al. Clinical, endoscopic, and histological differentiation between celiac disease and tropical sprue: a systematic review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Jan;34(1):74-83.[Abstract]
121. Westergaard H. Tropical sprue. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2004 Feb;7(1):7-11.[Abstract]
122. Langenberg MC, Wismans PJ, van Genderen PJ. Distinguishing tropical sprue from celiac disease in returning travellers with chronic diarrhoea: a diagnostic challenge? Travel Med Infect Dis. 2014 Jul-Aug;12(4):401-5.[Abstract]
123. Prakash C, Levin MS. Diagnosis and management of small intestinal diseases. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 1999 Mar;15(2):132-40.[Abstract]
124. Corazza GR, Biagi F, Volta U, et al. Autoimmune enteropathy and villous atrophy in adults. Lancet. 1997 Jul 12;350(9071):106-9.[Abstract]
125. Basson M, Mezzarobba M, Weill A, et al. Severe intestinal malabsorption associated with olmesartan: a French nationwide observational cohort study. Gut. 2016 Oct;65(10):1664-9.[Abstract]
126. Marietta EV, Cartee A, Rishi A, et al. Drug-induced enteropathy. Dig Dis. 2015;33(2):215-20.[Abstract]
127. Molina-Infante J, Santolaria S, Sanders DS, et al. Systematic review: noncoeliac gluten sensitivity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015 May;41(9):807-20.[Abstract][Full Text]
128. Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, et al. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut. 2013 Jan;62(1):43-52.[Abstract][Full Text]
129. Penny HA, Rej A, Baggus EMR, et al. Non-responsive and refractory coeliac disease: experience from the NHS England National Centre. Nutrients. 2022 Jul 5;14(13):2776.[Abstract][Full Text]
130. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Coelho-Prabhu N, Forbes N, et al. Adverse events associated with EGD and EGD-related techniques. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Sep;96(3):389-401.e1.[Abstract][Full Text]
131. Green PHR, Paski S, Ko CW, et al. AGA Clinical practice update on management of refractory celiac disease: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2022 Nov;163(5):1461-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
132. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee., Storm AC, Fishman DS, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on informed consent for GI endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Feb;95(2):207-215.e2.[Abstract][Full Text]
133. Scherf KA, Catassi C, Chirdo F, et al. Recent Progress and Recommendations on Celiac Disease From the Working Group on Prolamin Analysis and Toxicity. Front Nutr. 2020;7:29.[Abstract][Full Text]
134. US Preventive Services Task Force. Celiac disease: screening. Mar 2017 [internet publication].[Full Text]
135. Enns RA, Hookey L, Armstrong D, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the use of video capsule endoscopy. Gastroenterology. 2017 Feb;152(3):497-514.[Abstract][Full Text]
136. World Gastroenterology Organisation. WGO practice guideline: celiac disease. Jul 2016 [internet publication].[Full Text]
137. Hill ID, Fasano A, Guandalini S, et al. NASPGHAN clinical report on the diagnosis and treatment of gluten-related disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016 Jul;63(1):156-65.[Abstract][Full Text]
138. Vici G, Belli L, Biondi M, et al. Gluten free diet and nutrient deficiencies: a review. Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec;35(6):1236-41.[Abstract]
139. Bascuñán KA, Vespa MC, Araya M. Celiac disease: understanding the gluten-free diet. Eur J Nutr. 2017 Mar;56(2):449-59.[Abstract]
140. Burger JPW, de Brouwer B, IntHout J, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: dietary adherence influences normalization of health-related quality of life in coeliac disease. Clin Nutr. 2017 Apr;36(2):399-406.[Abstract]
141. Hall NJ, Rubin G, Charnock A. Systematic review: adherence to a gluten-free diet in adult patients with coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Aug 15;30(4):315-30.[Abstract][Full Text]
142. Wierdsma NJ, van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Berkenpas M, et al. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are highly prevalent in newly diagnosed celiac disease patients. Nutrients. 2013 Sep 30;5(10):3975-92.[Abstract][Full Text]
143. Pantaleoni S, Luchino M, Adriani A, et al. Bone mineral density at diagnosis of celiac disease and after 1 year of gluten-free diet. Scientific World Journal. 2014;2014:173082.[Abstract][Full Text]
144. Mosca C, Thorsteinsdottir F, Abrahamsen B, et al. Newly diagnosed celiac disease and bone health in young adults: a systematic literature review. Calcif Tissue Int. 2022 Jun;110(6):641-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
145. Syage JA, Kelly CP, Dickason MA, et al. Determination of gluten consumption in celiac disease patients on a gluten-free diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Feb 1;107(2):201-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
146. Comino I, Fernández-Bañares F, Esteve M, et al. Fecal gluten peptides reveal limitations of serological tests and food questionnaires for monitoring gluten-free diet in celiac disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 Oct;111(10):1456-65.[Abstract][Full Text]
147. Leffler DA, Kelly CP, Green PH, et al. Larazotide acetate for persistent symptoms of celiac disease despite a gluten-free diet: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2015 Jun;148(7):1311-9;e6.[Abstract][Full Text]
148. Losurdo G, Marra A, Shahini E, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and celiac disease: a systematic review with pooled-data analysis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017 Jun;29(6):13028.[Abstract]
149. Silvester JA, Kurada S, Szwajcer A, et al. Tests for serum transglutaminase and endomysial antibodies do not detect most patients with celiac disease and persistent villous atrophy on gluten-free diets: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017 Sep;153(3):689-701;e1.[Abstract][Full Text]
150. Husby S, Bai JC. Follow-up of celiac disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2019 Mar;48(1):127-36.[Abstract]
151. Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. Classification and management of refractory coeliac disease. Gut. 2010 Apr;59(4):547-57.[Abstract][Full Text]
152. Jamma S, Rubio-Tapia A, Kelly CP, et al. Celiac crisis is a rare but serious complication of celiac disease in adults. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Jul;8(7):587-90.[Abstract][Full Text]
153. Mones RL, Atienza KV, Youssef NN, et al. Celiac crisis in the modern era. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Oct;45(4):480-3.[Abstract]
154. Lloyd-Still JD, Grand RJ, Khaw KT, et al. The use of corticosteroids in celiac crisis. J Pediatr. 1972 Dec;81(6):1074-81.[Abstract]
155. Holm K, Maki M, Vuolteenaho N, et al. Oats in the treatment of childhood coeliac disease: a 2-year controlled trial and a long-term clinical follow-up study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 May 15;23(10):1463-72.[Abstract][Full Text]
156. Hogberg L, Laurin P, Falth-Magnusson K, et al. Oats to children with newly diagnosed coeliac disease: a randomised double blind study. Gut. 2004 May;53(5):649-54.[Abstract][Full Text]
157. Garsed K, Scott BB. Can oats be taken in a gluten-free diet? A systematic review. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb;42(2):171-8.[Abstract]
158. Pinto-Sánchez MI, Causada-Calo N, Bercik P, et al. Safety of adding oats to a gluten-free diet for patients with celiac disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and observational studies. Gastroenterology. 2017 Aug;153(2):395-409;e3.[Abstract][Full Text]
159. Allred LK, Kupper C, Iverson G, et al. Definition of the "Purity Protocol" for producing gluten-free oats. Cereal Chem. (2017) 94:377-9.[Full Text]
160. Mukewar SS, Sharma A, Rubio-Tapia A, et al. Open-capsule budesonide for refractory celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jun;112(6):959-67.[Abstract]
161. Murray JA, Kelly CP, Green PHR, et al. No difference between latiglutenase and placebo in reducing villous atrophy or improving symptoms in patients with symptomatic celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2017 Mar;152(4):787-98.[Abstract][Full Text]
162. Syage JA, Murray JA, Green PHR, et al. Latiglutenase improves symptoms in seropositive celiac disease patients while on a gluten-free diet. Dig Dis Sci. 2017 Sep;62(9):2428-32.[Abstract][Full Text]
163. Murray JA, Syage JA, Wu TT, et al. Latiglutenase protects the mucosa and attenuates symptom severity in patients with celiac disease exposed to a gluten challenge. Gastroenterology. 2022 Dec;163(6):1510-21.e6.[Abstract][Full Text]
164. Pultz IS, Hill M, Vitanza JM, et al. Gluten degradation, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of TAK-062, an engineered enzyme to treat celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2021 Jul;161(1):81-93.e3.[Abstract][Full Text]
165. Schuppan D, Mäki M, Lundin KEA, et al. A randomized trial of a transglutaminase 2 inhibitor for celiac disease. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jul 1;385(1):35-45.[Abstract][Full Text]
166. Benahmed M, Mention JJ, Matysiak-Budnik T, et al. Celiac disease: a future without gluten-free diet? Gastroenterology. 2003 Oct;125(4):1264-7.[Abstract]
167. Kelly CP, Murray JA, Leffler DA, et al. TAK-101 nanoparticles induce gluten-specific tolerance in celiac disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2021 Jul;161(1):66-80.e8.[Abstract]
168. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of KAN-101 in people with celiac disease. May 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
169. Cellier C, Bouma G, van Gils T, et al. Safety and efficacy of AMG 714 in patients with type 2 refractory coeliac disease: a phase 2a, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Dec;4(12):960-70.[Abstract]
170. Lähdeaho ML, Scheinin M, Vuotikka P, et al. Safety and efficacy of AMG 714 in adults with coeliac disease exposed to gluten challenge: a phase 2a, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Dec;4(12):948-59.[Abstract]
171. Smecuol E, Hwang HJ, Sugai E, et al. Exploratory, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Bifidobacterium infantis natren life start strain super strain in active celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013 Feb;47(2):139-47.[Abstract]
172. Caminero A, Galipeau HJ, McCarville JL, et al. Duodenal bacteria from patients with celiac disease and healthy subjects distinctly affect gluten breakdown and immunogenicity. Gastroenterology. 2016 Oct;151(4):670-83.[Abstract]
173. Seiler CL, Kiflen M, Stefanolo JP, et al. Correction to: Probiotics for celiac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Sep 1;116(9):1968.[Abstract]
174. Sánchez-León S, Gil-Humanes J, Ozuna CV, et al. Low-gluten, nontransgenic wheat engineered with CRISPR/Cas9. Plant Biotechnol J. 2018 Apr;16(4):902-10.[Abstract][Full Text]
175. Costabile A, Bergillos-Meca T, Landriscina L, et al. An in vitro fermentation study on the effects of Gluten Friendly™ bread on microbiota and short chain fatty acids of fecal samples from healthy and celiac subjects. Front Microbiol. 2017 Sep 7;8:1722.[Abstract][Full Text]
176. Mandile R, Picascia S, Parrella C, et al. Lack of immunogenicity of hydrolysed wheat flour in patients with coeliac disease after a short-term oral challenge. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Aug;46(4):440-6.[Abstract]
177. Marino M, Casale R, Borghini R, et al. The effects of modified versus unmodified wheat gluten administration in patients with celiac disease. Int Immunopharmacol. 2017 Jun;47:1-8.[Abstract]
178. Leffler DA, Kelly CP, Abdallah HZ, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of larazotide acetate to prevent the activation of celiac disease during gluten challenge. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Oct;107(10):1554-62.[Abstract][Full Text]
179. ClinicalTrials.gov. Study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of larazotide acetate for the relief of CeD symptoms. Aug 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
180. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (American Dietetic Association). Celiac disease evidence-based nutrition practice guideline. 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
181. Ludvigsson JF, Agreus L, Ciacci C, et al. Transition from childhood to adulthood in coeliac disease: the Prague consensus report. Gut. 2016 Aug;65(8):1242-51.[Abstract][Full Text]
182. Haines ML, Anderson RP, Gibson PR. Systematic review: the evidence base for long-term management of coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Nov 1;28(9):1042-66.[Abstract][Full Text]
183. Lebwohl B, Green PHR, Emilsson L, et al. Cancer risk in 47,241 individuals with celiac disease: a nationwide cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Feb;20(2):e111-31.[Abstract][Full Text]
184. West J, Logan RF, Smith CJ, et al. Malignancy and mortality in people with coeliac disease: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2004 Sep 25;329(7468):716-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
185. Green PH, Fleischauer AT, Bhagat G, et al. Risk of malignancy in patients with celiac disease. Am J Med. 2003 Aug 15;115(3):191-5.[Abstract]
186. Othman MO, Harb D, Barkin JA. Introduction and practical approach to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency for the practicing clinician. Int J Clin Pract. 2018 Feb;72(2):e13066.[Abstract][Full Text]
187. Simons M, Scott-Sheldon LAJ, Risech-Neyman Y, et al. Celiac disease and increased risk of pneumococcal infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2018 Jan;131(1):83-9.[Abstract]
188. Ludvigsson JF, Bai JC, Biagi F, et al. Diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease: guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut. 2014 Aug;63(8):1210-28.[Abstract][Full Text]
189. Anania C, Olivero F, Spagnolo A, et al. Immune response to vaccines in children with celiac disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2017 May 14;23(18):3205-13.[Abstract][Full Text]
190. Ahishali E, Boztas G, Akyuz F, et al. Response to hepatitis B vaccination in patients with celiac disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Aug;53(8):2156-9.[Abstract]
191. Nemes E, Lefler E, Szegedi L, et al. Gluten intake interferes with the humoral immune response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in patients with celiac disease. Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;121(6):e1570-6.[Abstract]
192. Szakács Z, Mátrai P, Hegyi P, et al. Younger age at diagnosis predisposes to mucosal recovery in celiac disease on a gluten-free diet: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Nov 2;12(11):e0187526.[Abstract][Full Text]
193. Mahadev S, Murray JA, Wu TT, et al. Factors associated with villus atrophy in symptomatic coeliac disease patients on a gluten-free diet. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Apr;45(8):1084-93.[Abstract][Full Text]
194. Mearin ML, Agardh D, Antunes H, et al. ESPGHAN position paper on management and follow-up of children and adolescents with celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2022 Sep 1;75(3):369-86.[Abstract][Full Text]
195. Kreutz JM, Adriaanse MPM, van der Ploeg EMC, et al. Narrative review: nutrient deficiencies in adults and children with treated and untreated celiac disease. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 15;12(2):500.[Abstract][Full Text]
196. Stefanelli G, Viscido A, Longo S, et al. Persistent iron deficiency anemia in patients with celiac disease despite a gluten-free diet. Nutrients. 2020 Jul 22;12(8):2176.[Abstract][Full Text]
197. Mangione RA, Patel PN. Caring for patients with celiac disease: the role of the pharmacist. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2008 Sep-Oct;48(5):e125-35.[Abstract]
198. Gidrewicz D, Trevenen CL, Lyon M, et al. Normalization time of celiac serology in children on a gluten-free diet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Mar;64(3):362-7. [Abstract]
199. Isaac DM, Rajani S, Yaskina M, et al. Antitissue transglutaminase normalization postdiagnosis in children with celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Aug;65(2):195-9.[Abstract]
200. Rej A, Elli L, Sanders DS. Persisting villous atrophy and adherence in celiac disease: what does the patient want? What should a clinician advise? Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 May 1;116(5):946-48.[Abstract]
201. West J, Logan RF, Card TR, et al. Fracture risk in people with celiac disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2003 Aug;125(2):429-36.[Abstract]
202. Bai JC, Gonzalez D, Mautalen C, et al. Long-term effect of gluten restriction on bone mineral density of patients with coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997 Feb;11(1):157-64.[Abstract][Full Text]
203. Abu-Janb N, Jaana M. Facilitators and barriers to adherence to gluten-free diet among adults with celiac disease: a systematic review. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2020 Dec;33(6):786-810.[Abstract]
204. Peters JE, Basnayake C, Hebbard GS, et al. Prevalence of disordered eating in adults with gastrointestinal disorders: a systematic review. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022 Aug;34(8):e14278.[Abstract]
205. Wieser H, Segura V, Ruiz-Carnicer Á, et al. Food safety and cross-contamination of gluten-free products: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2021 Jun 29;13(7):2244.[Abstract][Full Text]
206. Food and Agriculture Orgnaisation of the United Nations. Standard for foods for special dietary use for person intolerant to gluten. 2008 [internet publication].[Full Text]
207. Gibert A, Kruizinga AG, Neuhold S, et al. Might gluten traces in wheat substitutes pose a risk in patients with celiac disease? A population-based probabilistic approach to risk estimation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Jan;97(1):109-16.[Abstract][Full Text]
208. Sharma GM, Pereira M, Williams KM. Gluten detection in foods available in the United States - a market survey. Food Chem. 2015 Feb 15;169:120-6.[Abstract]
209. Koerner TB, Cleroux C, Poirier C, et al. Gluten contamination of naturally gluten-free flours and starches used by Canadians with celiac disease. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2013;30(12):2017-21.[Abstract]
210. Lerner BA, Phan Vo LT, Yates S, et al. Detection of gluten in gluten-free labeled restaurant food: analysis of crowd-sourced data. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 May;114(5):792-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
211. Falcomer AL, Santos Araújo L, Farage P, et al. Gluten contamination in food services and industry: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60(3):479-93.[Abstract]
212. Verma AK, Lionetti E, Gatti S, et al. Contribution of oral hygiene and cosmetics on contamination of gluten-free diet: do celiac customers need to worry about? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 Jan;68(1):26-9.[Abstract]
213. Demirkesen I, Ozkaya B. Recent strategies for tackling the problems in gluten-free diet and products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(3):571-97.[Abstract]
214. Kemppainen KM, Lynch KF, Liu E, et al. Factors that increase risk of celiac disease autoimmunity after a gastrointestinal infection in early life. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 May;15(5):694-702.[Abstract][Full Text]