Concussion - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), previously termed concussion, is a closed head injury due to a direct blow to the head or deceleration of the head from an impulsive force, resulting in a transient change in mental status.
Most common causes are motor vehicle accidents, sports, assaults, and falls.
Diagnosing mild TBI is difficult based on acute injury characteristics and presenting signs and symptoms.
Headache, mental slowing and fogginess, and memory difficulties are typical symptoms. Symptoms may fluctuate, but typically subside after 1 week to 1 month. Loss of consciousness is not necessary for a positive diagnosis.
Computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging are typically normal in mild TBI.

Model of axonal injury after a concussive blow

From the collection of L. Henry; used with permission

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
- Other Factors
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Diagnostics Tests
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Treatment Options
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Contortion of the brain during a concussion, based on biomechanical modeling
Sites of contusions and epidural hematomas: (A) prefrontal cortex, (B) pterion, (C) temporal-parietal cortex (often during contre-coup)
Model of axonal injury after a concussive blow

Citations

Key Articles

Maas AIR, Menon DK, Manley GT, et al. Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Nov;21(11):1004-60.[Abstract][Full Text]
Harmon KG, Clugston JR, Dec K, et al. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement on concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2019 Feb;53(4):213-25.[Abstract][Full Text]
Patricios JS, Schneider KJ, Dvorak J, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 6th International Conference on concussion in sport-Amsterdam, October 2022. Br J Sports Med. 2023 Jun;57(11):695-711.[Abstract][Full Text]
American College of Emergency Physicians. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. May 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]

Other Online Resources

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: HEADSUP
National Football League (NFL): rule book
SCAT6: sport concussion assessment tool - 6th edition

Referenced Articles

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